Synthesis, Assessment of Biological Activity and Toxicity for N-(β-D-Glycopyranosyl)-Thiosemicarbazides ()
1. Introduction
In recent years, thiosemicarbazides have attracted more and more attention from researchers, based on which it is possible to form a variety of derivatives that are used in medicine as drugs with antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, antitumor, antifungal effects [1] [2] .
It is widely known that carbohydrates can play a transport role in the body. Therefore, the search for ways to obtain new carbohydrate-containing derivatives of thiosemicarbazides is of fundamental importance for modern pharmacology. For this purpose, we carried out prospecting work on the selection of reaction conditions for obtaining carbohydrate-containing derivatives of thiosemicarbazides.
It is known that the Lawesson reagent was successfully used in the thionation of the carbonyl group of many classes of organic compounds [3] [4] [5] . However, the reaction of thionization of carbohydrate-containing semicarbazides using the Lawesson reagent to obtain thiosemicarbazides is still not sufficiently studied.
Our study aims to develop a new method for the synthesis of carbohydrate-containing derivatives of thiosemicarbazides based on the reactions of N-glycosylated semicarbazides when interacting with the Lawesson reagent and to study their biological properties. In particular, N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide and N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide have been studied. To select from them the most promising compound exhibiting antibacterial properties, we preliminarily carried out computer analysis through the PASS program [6] ; then the selected compound was tested in vivo and in vitro to confirm the predicted activities.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of N-(β-D-Xylopyranosyl)-Thiosemicarbazide
A flask was charged with 0.05 g (0.24 mmol) of N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-semicarbazide, 3 ml abs. pyridine and 0.1 g (0.24 mmol) (Lawesson reagent) LR. The reaction mixture was boiled under reflux with a calcium chloride tube for 20 minutes. The solution was evaporated under vacuum at 70˚C - 75˚C to dryness. The residue was recrystallized from alcohol. The precipitated crystals were filtered off and dried in air. Yield: 0.0178 g, (35.60%), Tmelt = 217˚С - 219˚С, Rf = 0.8 С6Н13N3О4S 223.25 Calculated%: C-32.28; H 5.86; N 18.82; S-14.36. Found %: C-32.40; H 6.10; N 18.97; S-14.47. IR spectrum (KBr, ν, сm–1): 1108 (-CO-), 901 (β-form), 1028 (pyran.), 1377 (C=S), 3251 (NH), 3377 (NH2), 3000 - 3400 (OH). 1H NMR spectrum millionths proportion (δ, m.p.): 3.88 qt. 3.41 triplet 3.49 - 3.76 m (CH, 6H), 2.0 broad singlet (3OH) 4.81d (1H, NH), 2 br.s (NH2; NH, 3H). 13C NMR spectrum (δ, m.p.): 90.5 (C1), 73.9 (C2) 77.0 (C3) 70.1 (C4) 67.8 (C5) 183.6 (C=S).
2.2. Synthesis of N-(β-D-Galactopyranosyl)-Thiosemicarbazide
A flask was charged with 0.05 g (0.24 mmol) of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-semicarbazide, 3 ml abs. pyridine and 0.09 g (0.22 mmol) LR. The reaction mixture boiled under reflux with a calcium chloride tube for 35 min. The solution evaporated under vacuum at a temperature of 75˚С - 80˚С to dryness. The residue recrystallized from alcohol. The precipitated crystals filtered off and dried in air. Yield: 0.023 g, (46.00%), mp = 210 - 2110 C, Rf = 0.9. С7Н15N3О5S 253.27 Calculated %: C-33.19; H 5.96; N 16.59; S-12.65. Found %: C-33.36; H 6.28; N 16.75; S-12.98. IR spectrum (KBr, ν, cm–1): 1138 (-CO-), 908 (β-form), 1000 (pyran.), 1332, 1439 (C=S), 3251 (NH), 3369 (NH2), 3178 - 3369 (OH). 1H NMR spectrum (δ, m.p.): 3.79 m, 3, 4 tripl. 3.48 - 3.76 m (CH, 7H), 2.1 br.s (OH, 4H), 4.83d (1H, NH), 2 br.s (NH2; NH, 3H). 13C NMR spectrum (δ, m.p.): 88.3 (C1), 74.2 (C2), 74.8 (C3), 71.2 (C4), 79.1 (C5), 62.0 (C6), 183.5 (C=S).
3. Results and Discussions
The syntheses of N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide and N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazides (Figure 1) were performed according to the scheme shown in Figure 2, where Ry means xylopyranosyl, 2b means galactopyranosyl.
The reaction proceeds rather quickly, so that we failed to detect the intermediate formation of the corresponding products. Most likely, this is due to the decomposition of the Lawesson reagent (1) into dithiometaphosphonate (1a), which has a resonance structure. The interaction of dithiometaphosphonate with glycosylsemicarbazides leads to the formation of intermediate cyclic thioketals (1b, 1c), the subsequent decomposition of which leads to the formation of final products (3, 4).
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Figure 1. Synthesized tiosemicarbazide derivatives N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide and N-(β-D-galacto-pyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazides.
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Figure 2. The reaction for the preparation of N-(β-D-glycopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazides.
The individuality and structure of the target products were confirmed by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. In the 13C NMR, 1H NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds, the signals of all the corresponding nuclei included in the obtained compounds are observed. 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-300, SF = 75.47 MHz instruments with an operating frequency of 126 MHz at a temperature of 2950 K, where TMS was used as an internal standard. H1 NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-300, SF = 300.13 MHz instruments with an operating frequency of 500 MHz at a temperature of 2930 K, where TMS was used as an internal standard. The spectra were recorded in deuterated solvents DMSO d6. IR spectra were recorded on an IKS-29 instrument in the range of 500 - 4000 cm−1.
The melting points of the synthesized compounds were measured on a Boetuis microheating table. The elemental analysis of the obtained compounds was determined on a VM-20 instrument. The control throughout the reaction and the purity of the synthesized compounds was carried out using TLC on Silufol UV-254 plates.
To prognose the biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds, we used the PASS computer program developed by the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry named after V.N. Orekhovich RAMS.
The use of the PASS program makes it possible to select those compounds that are most likely to possess the required types of biological activity among the extensive set of analyzed compounds. Along with this, the program provides information on unwanted side effects. This is important since when choosing promising compounds, not only main but also side pharmacological effects are taken into account.
In vitro and vivo experiments of the synthesized compounds were carried out at the Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry of the Kyrgyz National Agrarian University named after K.I. Skryabin and in the bacteriology department of the Kyrgyz Republican Diagnostic Center.
3.1. In Vitro Studies
Experiments on studying the antibacterial activity of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide were carried out by the in Vitro method using standard bacteriological methods [7] . For this, by serial dilutions with distilled water (1:10; 1:20; 1:40 … 1:2650), various concentrations of the substance were prepared. The bactericidal effect was studied by inoculation on agar-agar in Petri dishes of salmonella infection of lambs (Salmonella typhimurium, 04), salmonellosis of calves (Salmonella dublin, 09), and colipathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli (Escherichiacoli 055, 026), adding 0.1 ml of each dilution of the substance.
The results were taken into account after daily cultivation in a thermostat at t = 37˚C, by measuring the diameter of the zones (in mm), and by the absence of microorganism growth at the site of application of the compound. Distilled water (i.e. solvent) served as a control.
3.2. Study of Acute Toxicity in Vivo
When searching for the most promising compounds for practical use, it is necessary to study the toxicology of newly synthesized compounds and the first necessary condition for the suitability of a compound is to determine the parameters of its acute toxicity. These indicators are necessary to establish the degree of hazard of a chemical, as well as for further research, where knowledge of the degree of acute toxicity is required.
The study of acute toxicity aims to determine the tolerable, toxic, and lethal doses of a pharmacological substance and the cause of death of animals.
Acute toxicity of pharmacological substances is determined by the following parameters: LD0 is the maximum tolerated dose, LD50 is the average lethal dose, LD100 is the minimum lethal dose. LD16 and LD84 are also determined to establish the confidence limits of LD50 is the average lethal dose. There are many classifications of chemicals for assessing acute toxicity [7] . To assess the toxicity of antiparasitic drugs, the classification according to [8] [9] is more suitable. Based on the foregoing, we studied the acute toxicity parameters of a new synthetic compound N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide.
The experiments were carried out on 36 clinically healthy white mice of both sexes with a live weight of 18 - 22 g. The substance was administered to the animals orally in the form of a 10% solution using a syringe equipped with a special metal probe, in various doses. Control animals received an appropriate volume of sodium chloride saline solution.
During the experiment, the animals were not limited to feeding and watering. The experiments lasted 12 days, during which the general condition, the nature, and degree of chemical toxicosis, the time of death of the experimental and control mice were observed. The corpses of the dead experimental animals were subjected to visual, as well as postmortem autopsy to establish the degree and nature of organ damage and the causes of death. Statistical processing of digital materials was carried out by the method [10] , modified [11] , using ordinary graph paper [12] .
The progress of the reactions and the individuality of the obtained compounds were monitored using the methods of thin-layer chromatography in systems:chloroform: ethanol:methyl ethyl ketone (1:2:1). The synthesized compounds are crystalline substances with chemical stability. They are stored without decomposition at room temperature and are stable under TLC conditions.
In the IR spectrum of compound (4), the most informative for identification is the region at 1332, 1439 cm−1, which belongs to the stretching vibrations of the C=S group. The absorption bands in the 1530 cm−1 region indicate the bending vibrations of the N-H group, and in the 1138 cm−1 and 1000 cm−1 regions the presence of carbohydrate components. The absorption band at 908 cm−1 refers to the β-position of the carbohydrate ring. A wideband in the region of 3178 - 3369 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibrations of OH- and N-H groups.
The low-field part of the PMR spectrum of compound 4 contains signals that appear as a multiplet centered at 3.48 m.p. to 3.76 m.p. respectively, belonging to the fifth axial and fifth equatorial hydrogen atoms of the carbon-water ring. The equatorial hydrogen atom at C-2 appears as a doublet with a chemical shift at 3.79 m.p. A signal in the form of a broadened singlet belonging to the protons of the methyl group CH3 was observed at 2.1 m.p. The NH group is observed as a doublet at 4.83 m.p.
3.3. Prognosis of Biological Activities of Synthesized Compounds by PASS Program
Present an ordered list of the types of possible activities, indicating the probability of the presence of activity (Pa) and the probability of inactivity (Pi). From the data obtained, the types of activities were selected for which the Pa indicator is maximum, and the Pi indicator is minimum. In computer forecasting, the values of the probability of activity manifestation Pa ≥ 0.5 were taken into account. Table 1 shows the results of predicting 14 types of biological activity, as well as side toxic effects in N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide and N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide in the form of values of the probability of the presence of activity (Pa) and the probability of inactivity (Pi).
Since we were interested in the antibacterial activity of the studied compounds, we focused on this activity. As can be seen (Table 1), of the two compounds 3 and 4, N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide is predicted as a more promising substance with a high probability of antibacterial activity (Pa/Pi 0.544/0.004 Antibacterial). The same table shows the values of possible toxic effects with a probability Pa > 0.5 for compounds 3, 4.
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Table 1. Results of predicting pharmacological and toxic effects glycosylthiosemicarbazides using the PASS program.
From Table 1 it can be seen that no toxic effect is predicted for compounds 3, 4. Therefore, for compound 4, an experimental assessment of the bacterial and bacteriostatic activity was carried out, and then the toxicity of this compound was also experimentally evaluated.
3.4. Results of in Vitro Experiments
The results of in vitro experiments carried out on a solid nutrient medium show (Table 2) that N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide exhibited bactericidal activity against the selected microbial cultures, although there was no pronounced species specificity in its action.
The bacteriostatic activity of the substance was studied by diluting it in meat-peptone broth at the same concentrations as in the previous experiment, followed by sowing pure cultures in it. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.
The results of this series of experiments showed (Table 4) that the substance bacteriostatically acts on Esch. coli 055 from a dilution of 1: 380, for other crops from a dilution of 1:640. Thus, the conducted studies show that N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide exhibits high antibacterial (bactericidal and bacteriostatic) activity against the causative agents of salmonella infection in lambs, calves, and pathogenic E. coli serotypes.
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Table 2. Bactericidal activity of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide on solid nutrient medium (agar-agar).
*The numbers show the diameter of the zones of no microorganism growth (in mm).
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Table 3. Biostatic activity of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide in the meat-peptone broth.
*The numbers show the diameter of the zones of no microorganism growth (in mm).
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Table 4. Acute toxicity parameters of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide.
The results of in vivo toxicity tests showed that the nature and degree of chemical intoxication in white mice were in direct proportion to the doses of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide received. Signs of poisoning when giving large doses appeared in the very first minutes and were often fatal within 1 - 2 hours after giving. They were mainly expressed in the manifestation of an excited state (anxiety, increased reaction to external stimuli, tachycardia, rapid breathing), from food, from water. Then this state turned to progressive oppression, leading to complete prostration. Breathing is shallow, frequent, intermittent. Rapid palpitations, at times, turn into arrhythmia. The death of animals that received large toxic doses of the compound occurred mainly on the first day of administration of the substance. The surviving animals showed mild diarrhea and poor appetite, which soon completed.
The postmortem autopsy of the dead white mice revealed: the back of the corpses is soiled with liquid feces; the brain is swollen, hyperemic; the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is strongly hyperemic, in some places there are areas of extensive hemorrhage and necrosis; the liver is enlarged, dark red, its parenchyma is softened; kidneys of normal size, multiple punctate hemorrhages under the membrane; the heart is flabby, the myocardium is soft, the ventricles contain dark red blood clots, there are punctate hemorrhages on the epicardium and endocardium; the lungs are edematous in dark red color, the blood vessels are dilated.
The results of statistical processing of digital experimental data showed that (Table 4) the maximum tolerated dose (LD50) of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide for white mice was 400 mg/kg, LD16 was 754 mg/kg, average lethal dose LD50 was 1134 (957 ± 1311) mg/kg, LD84 was 1534 mg/kg and lethal dose (LD100) was 2000 mg/kg. Thus, when studying the toxicity of compound 4, it was found that according to the current classification of the hazard of chemotherapeutic drugs according to the degree of effect on the body (GOST 12.1.007-76), N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide belongs to substances III class of moderate hazard [13] [14] . That is why N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide is a promising substance for its further study to use it in practice.
Table 1 shows comparison of antimycobacterial, antituberculosic, anti-viral (influenza), antineoplastic activity (0.9 > Pa > 0.5) and with a low probability of cytostatic/cytotoxic, antidiabetic activity properties for N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide with the N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide. Therefore, in addition to antibacterial activity, compound 4 possess high probability which can exhibit the above pharmacological properties, and is of interest as a promising drug for experimental studies.
4. Conclusions
An efficient method is proposed for the synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives of semicarbazides using the Lawesson reagent, which was not previously used for this class of compounds. The structures of the synthesized N-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide and N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide were established by physical research methods. The resulting substances are stable, individual compounds in crystalline form.
Based on in silico analysis of the results, N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide was selected from the two above-named compounds as the most promising antibacterial drug and with which experimental tests were carried out. The results of in vitro (antibacterial activity) and in vivo (toxic effects) experiments allow us to conclude that the theoretical prediction of the antibacterial activity of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide confirmed by experimental data. Compound (4) in the studied concentrations has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. It was also established that compound (4) belongs to the III class of hazardous substances; therefore, it can be concluded that N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide is a promising compound for further study to use it in practice.