Towards Smart, Sustainable, Accessible and Inclusive City for Persons with Disability by Taking into Account Checklists Tools ()
1. Introduction
Is our main objective by doing this research to evaluate the targeted construction facilities for physical accessibility?
By giving an answer if the design ensures that places where you carry out, your services and activities are accessible?
When you look for new space to lease or use, do you make every effort to find space that meets accessibility requirements or can be altered to meet them?
When reviewing the program reports, the checklist tools give you a guide to ensure that people with disabilities are included in the program activities in a meaningful and effective way? Our subject is divided into two main parts: the first related to Smart City consideration and the second part related to urban planning and architectural design.
A smart, sustainable city uses technology to transform its core systems and optimize the use of limited resources. It is a knowledge-based system that provides stakeholders with real-time insight. To improve the quality of life of people in the city, all people without exclusion are based on financial or social status, skin color, religion, physical disability and mentality or otherwise [1].
There are six smart components (smart connections, smart economy, smart people, smart government, smart environment, smart living) that support building a smart city. No component can stand on its own, but concerted effort and collaboration can bring success and provide the strength needed to successfully embrace change. The Inclusive smart city is a new citizen-centered approach that aims to extend the experience provided by smart cities solutions to all citizens, which means including persons with disabilities and aging population.
Around 15% of the world’s population, about 1 billion people, live with a disability; 80% of these live in developing countries, Between 110 million and 190 million adults have significant difficulties in functioning [2]. People with disabilities have less access to health care services and therefore experience unmet healthcare needs. Lack of access to infrastructure for persons with disabilities can be attributed to several factors [3], including:
1) Inadequate knowledge or understanding with decision-makers not understanding the implications of design and failing to understand the challenges and risks.
2) Lack of user input, with people with disabilities and reduced mobility not being brought into the planning, design and implementation process.
3) Missed Opportunities, with the potential for added value for universal access to be missed.
Our general aim of this study is to integrate disabled people into society in order for them to take an active part in society and lead a normal life. To be active, a disabled person should be able to commute between home, work and other destinations. The technical aim is to provide a barrier-free environment for the independence, convenience and safety of all people with disabilities [4]. Our initial design checklist should address the technical considerations and design requirements or measures that must be considered when planning the built environment. This includes questions related to the design of several complementary main lines: open spaces and recreation areas, local streets and paths, the immediate vicinity of buildings, building entrances and the interior of buildings. The checklist is expected to be a stimulus that will lead, in the long run, to the establishment of building and planning guidelines covering access for disabled people. When the building is occupied, behavioral mapping determines how people use certain spaces, where movement occurs, and possible congestion locations. As a result, various users should be integrated into the design process in order to create more accessible environments from the beginning, while learning and enhancing past design solutions.
2. Definitions
2.1. Definitions of Smart City
A Smart Sustainable City is a city with good performance in six characteristics, which is based on the “intelligent” combination of foundations and activities of self-determined, independent and conscious citizens [5].
Based on the exploration of a wide and extensive array of literature from various disciplines, we identify eight critical factors for smart city initiatives: management and organization, technology, governance, political context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure and nature environment [6].
A smarter city uses technology to transform its core systems and optimize finite resources. When mature, a smarter city is a knowledge-based system that provides stakeholders with real-time insight and enables decision-makers to proactively manage the city’s subsystems. Effective information management is at the heart of this ability, and integration and analysis are key elements [7].
Therefore, we can say that the conceptualization of smart cities differs from city to city and country to country, depending on the specialization, perspective and the elements with which smart cities are concerned. This means that the concept of a sustainable smart city includes a number of important elements, including vision, solutions, integration, cooperation and continuity [8].
2.2. Definitions and Categories of Disability [9]
• Physical
Total or partial loss of a part of the body.
The malfunction, malformation or disfigurement of a part of the person’s body.
The presence in the body of organisms causing disease or illness.
The presence in the body of organisms capable of causing disease or illness.
• Cognitive
Total or partial loss of the person’s bodily or mental functions.
A disorder or malfunction that results in the person learning differently from a person without the disorder or malfunction.
• Sensory
Total or partial loss of the person’s bodily or mental functions.
The malfunction, malformation or disfigurement of a part of the person’s body.
• Social/Emotional
1) disorder, illness or disease that affects the person’s thought processes, perception of reality, emotions or judgment, or that results in disturbed behavior.
Disability is an evolving concept that results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. These definitions highlight that disability is not a fixed concept. The condition of disability strictly depends on the impairment on one hand and on contextual factors on the other [10]:
The environmental characteristics (among them: social attitudes, architectural characteristics, social and legal structures).
Personal characteristics (among them: gender, age, coping styles, social background, education, profession, past and current experience, temperament).
When this encounter between the people’s functioning and the environment is not balanced, it can lead to limitation of activities and restriction in participation.
2) Why it is important to involve people with different disabilities in smart cities projects [11]:
The manner in which cities are designed for too long has failed to consider the unique ways that physical and social barriers limit the participation of persons with disabilities in public life.
Even though governments have been making extensive technology investments in smart cities, little explicit focus has been put into technological products and services that are inclusive of all citizens and end-users.
Most smart city programs have failed to establish policies that are making sure that the offered services are accessible to the aging people and people with disabilities.
If smart city services are not accessible, they will maintain the exclusion and isolation of people with disabilities.
People with disabilities are already widely excluded from the reliance on technology in the daily life. In all countries, they have much less access to technology than the rest of the population.
By developing and enforcing accessibility standards in smart city, for example, new transportation systems, pedestrian pathways, and information systems could open unprecedented opportunities to realize social inclusion of persons who have difficulty seeing, hearing, remembering, or moving around without assistance.
There is also a need for non-discrimination policies that protect the rights of persons with disabilities to ensure the right Access to all in a smart city service themselves unimpeded, achieving equality and sustainability for all. See Figure 1.
2.3. Challenges Facing Smart City Inclusive Accessibility [13]
Lack of awareness of disability and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) accessibility by city leaders and IT professionals.
Lack of policies & laws making accessibility a requirement in Smart Cities programs and investments.
Limited financial resources to support the focus on accessible technology and digital inclusion.
Lack of data both about persons with disabilities to use in defining Smart Cities solutions and programs.
Lack of leadership across all sectors, i.e. government, industry, and civil society.
Lack of professionals with ICT accessibility training.
2.4. Characteristics of Smart Cities
Features that smart cities could offer to improve the experience of people with disabilities in urban areas [14]:
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Figure 1. Smart city solutions to everyday problems make cities more manageable for all citizens. Source [12].
• Adapt information and digital services available in urban spaces, making them suitable to different formats.
• Adjust urban technologies and mobility solutions in accordance with different people’s abilities.
• Retrofit traditional assistive technologies with new features.
• Support the navigation/exploration of the urban landscape.
• Identify and describe objects and locations.
• Help people with disabilities find urban facilities and appliances.
• Anticipate unexpected events and/or dangerous situations.
• Make it easier to find people who are willing to help.
• Provide efficient communication channels to allow the interaction between people with disabilities and local authorities/public agents.
2.5. Requirements of Smart Inclusive and Sustainability City [15]
• Object interoperability: Objects should be able to communicate and perform a kind of calculation.
• Sustainability: architectures should include sustainable policies related to environmental, economical, and social aspects.
• Real time monitoring: essential feature to provide relevant information to predict events.
• Historical data: all data picked up from the urban space has the potential to become relevant. Thus, architectures must include efficient storage and retrieval mechanisms for such data.
• Mobility: mobile technology is responsible for capturing information from/to the environment.
• Availability: the smart city centralizing infrastructure must be highly available to the capture data task. Cloud Computing infrastructure is largely used so far to satisfy the availability requirement.
• Privacy: privacy policies explaining what data will be captured and what will be done with it, preventing users and organizations to provide certain critical data. Due to the high relevance of this requirement, all smart city architectures should satisfy it.
• Distributed sensing and processing: the dispersion of heterogeneous sensors and smart objects over the urban space is the basis of the digital layer of smart city initiatives.
• Service composition and integrated urban management: services should be developed with the flexibility to be reused, grouped and able to participate in composition with other services.
• Social aspects: smart city architectures should express the main purpose of SC initiatives, the citizens’ quality of life.
• Flexibility/Extensibility: the diversity and the dynamics of cities should be expressed in smart city architectures. Changes, adaptations, and extensions should be foreseen in the architectures.
3. Fundamental Components of Smart Cities [16]
1) Technology factors:
• Physical infrastructure.
• Smart technologies.
• Mobile technologies.
• Virtual technologies.
• Digital networks.
The physical infrastructure is a hardware platform that supports services within the Smart City. Intelligent, mobile and virtual technologies include logical software technologies that enable intelligent services. Digital networks connect all other technological components within Smart City.
2) Institutional factors:
• Smart policies and regulations.
• Smart administrative environment.
• Government and non-government institution communicate.
• Smart growth.
Although technology factors are key to smart cities, it would not be possible without the support of the institution and the government. The institutional factors include smart community and smart growth. Building, developing, and managing Smart City requires that government and non-governmental institutions communicate with each other, create government policies and regulations.
3) Human factors:
• Smart community.
• Smart educated.
• Inclusion of all society categories.
• Participation people.
• Raise awareness.
Smart City requires not only technological infrastructure, but also so-called human infrastructure. It means human engagement in Smart City, its education and collaboration. We can say that people help shape the services and values of Smart City [17]. Where do citizens define how the city should be developed, what are the problems, what are the needs of Smart City? People who participate in Smart City have the characteristics flexible, educated, willing to learn etc. In the context of Smart City, we refer to the people who help shape Smart City as “Smart People”. Intelligent people are an important part of Smart City.
3.1. Roadmap for Increasing Accessibility
Involving persons with disabilities in Smart Cities program design.
Providing awareness training for IT (Information Technology) teams and managers.
Complying with international ICT accessibility standards.
Allocating government and industry financial resources to accessibility.
Requiring accessibility as an implicit to Smart Cities programs.
Building public-private partnerships for accessible Smart Cities solutions.
Requiring accessibility as part of public sector ICT procurement.
Assessing the current accessibility of current Smart Cities programs.
Using open and accessible datasets that include info by and about persons with disabilities.
Aligning Smart Cities programs with international human rights and development commitments.
3.2. Smart City and Urban Design Considerations
There are several factors that influence the city’s intelligence, such as technology, people and communities, economic governance, planning and infrastructure. Overall, there is a bit of information and research on urban planning principles and tools in creating and contributing to the smart city’s smartness. The most important thing is to clarify the importance of urban planning for a smart city context and vice versa. It is important to get an overview of the concept of smart cities from the perspective of urban planning in order to find and highlight the important points of contact, relationships and roles of urban planning in creating smart cities. This would lead to sound principles for smart cities that would enable sustainable development, efficient urban growth and a better urban landscape. The key role of Urban and Landscape design in the creation of the smart city is based on the merge of technological aspects along with the physical city including its residence and public spaces, politics, economy, ecology, etc. Smart technologies (ICT’s) combines with urban design principles and strategies could be a great tool for a proper coordination and management of complex issues. Smart city sees urban design as strategy in action, focused on results, help people envision a better future and get inclusive smart city goals successfully. As well, urban design help them leverage design’s power to generate innovative solutions that affect real transformation. By developing a deeper understanding of the connection between design, business and human experience. Through a combination of research and partnerships urban design seek insights that will help solve the city’s most pressing challenges.
3.3. Urban Design Characteristics
What are the defining characteristics of urban planning? Urban design includes the design and coordination of everything that defines cities: compact, accessible places are the most sustainable way of life. The combination of urbanism on a human level with a mix of uses and services, a range of housing options, extensive train systems and the ability to walk and cycle in everyday life ensure a sustainable, environmentally friendly life. Add safe, clean, renewable energy and real sustainability results, inhabitants of futuristic architecture. Urban design is the process of giving groups of buildings, entire districts and the city shape, shape and character. It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks. Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive.
Buildings: are the most distinctive elements of urban planning, they shape and articulate the space by forming the street walls of the city. Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place [18].
Public-Space: Generally, in public spaces and buildings, the required precautions are taken according to the physically disabled people like wheel chair users, visually or audible impaired individuals and the like; but, there are space solutions also for mentally and cognitively disordered people. In some country, some built environment preservation are taken only for the physically impaired people. However, some space solutions have to be searched and provided for the people who have autism, dementia or the other similar disabilities. In order to realize this, the society have to accept the behaviors that include disabled people and contribute to the formation of a fair built environment for all.
In architectural terminology, the use of public expression in general is sometimes used for both buildings and open/urbanized areas. Advertising means openness for everyone. The public space is neither a closed nor an open urban space and means permission for general use [19]. Great public spaces are the living room of the cities places where people come together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood parks. Public space is conceived as open or closed spaces which constructed for the usage of every individual without any discrimination in the society (park, garden, stop etc.) ministration. Everybody has the responsibility to create solutions for the public. American Disabilities Act (ADA) is federal legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities defines the accessibility as: Accessible road, is the road that from a node in the interior of a building to the public space does not include any obstacle and provides continuity. Requires meeting the basic needs of all people and extending opportunities for economic and social advancement. A development initiative is considered sustainable if, in addition to protecting the environment and creating opportunity, it is able to carry out activities and generate its own financial resources see Figure 2 & Figure 3.
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Figure 2. Three pillars of sustainable smart city design, source authors 2020.
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Figure 3. Accessible public building scheme, source authors 2020.
The UN Standard Rules on Accessibility make the following recommendations regarding access to the physical environment [20]:
States should initiate measures to remove the obstacles to participation in the physical environment. Such measures should develop standards and guidelines and consider enacting legislation to ensure accessibility to various areas in society, including housing, buildings, public transport services and other means of transportation, streets and other outdoor environments.
States should ensure that architects, construction engineers and others who are professionally involved in the design and construction of the physical environment have access to adequate information on disability policy and measures to achieve accessibility.
Accessibility requirements should be included in the design and construction of the physical environment from the beginning of the design process.
Organizations of persons with disabilities should be consulted when standards and norms for accessibility are being developed. They should also be involved locally from the initial planning stage when public construction projects are being designed, thus ensuring maximum accessibility.
Entrances and Exits: In the buildings main entrances equal right, fair usage principles have to be considered for all the users. The entrances for the disabled people have to be designed accordingly. For the passage ways, ramps, stairs, entrance doors, information and warning boards required dimensions have to be used see Figure 3. In front of the entrances space for the movement of wheel chair user has to be provided. If there is carpet on the ground floor, the material has to be fixed on the ground securely. This design standard should applies to new buildings. It should be adapted accordingly in the design of alterations or renovations to existing buildings [21].
Street
Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character, as well as by the size, scale and character of the buildings that line them. The streets range from large avenues such as Kurfürstendamm in Berlin to small, intimate pedestrian zones. The pattern of the road network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique.
Transport
Traffic systems connect and shape the districts and enable movement throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together form the total movement system of a city. The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile. At the transition areas and at the other used ramps on the roads have to have maximum 5% slope. Vehicle Parking Areas: Vehicle parking areas have to be placed closer to the entrance and open to an accessible route. The dimensions of the disabled vehicle parking side by side with an angle are minimum 250 cm × 250 cm. thinking the movement of the wheel chair the distance left in between the two parking areas for the transition corridors has to be minimum 150 cm in width. In front of the vehicle, minimum 91.5 cm in width transition road has to be left [22]. The materials of the roads in between the buildings and the vehicle park have to be non-slippery and matte taking into consideration the weather conditions. Others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document [23].
Landscape
The landscape is the green part of the city that runs through the city in the form of city parks, street trees, plants, flowers and water in many forms. The landscape defines the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements. Urban Design weaves these elements into a coherent, organized design structure and the Urban Design structure defines the city shape and the building shape. This means dealing with the design requirements for open spaces, recreation areas and pedestrian paths. Solutions to the main problems in designing an accessible outdoor environment are presented. It could be summarized as follows:
1) Obstructions
2) Signage
3) Street Furniture
4) Pathways
5) Curb Ramps
6) Pedestrian Crossing
7) Parking
Our goal in this research is to illuminate the light of all of these important elements that should be included in our initial design checklist. It starts with adapting the location of street furniture to allow free passage for all people without causing any danger. The design should take into account facilities that are accessible to people with disabilities. The road surface at pedestrian crossings can be raised to the same level as the pathway so that wheelchair users do not have to overcome differences in height. The time interval allowed for crossing should be programmed according to the slowest crossing persons. Pedestrian crossings should be equipped with traffic control signals.
4. Architectural, Design Considerations
It addresses the design requirements of vertical and horizontal access for both new and existing designs. It is the design considerations that are formulated to alert designers to the application of universal accessibility principles and requirements to buildings and facilities. A solid functional plan is single that the most important factor is in obtaining an acceptable solution to the Building Program. This can best be achieved through a careful study of the space relationships and a thorough understanding of the needs of the users as expressed in the Building Program and in subsequent meetings and discussions held between the Architect and the Building Committee, see Figure 4. Four levels of accessibility must be considered when designing or implementing accessible facilities or services:
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Figure 4. Shows sketch approaching side wake to the building for an Independent wheelchair user, Source [23], reworked by authors.
1) How to Reach.
2) How to Enter.
3) How to Use.
4) How to understand instructions and information.
The Architect shall design the building with attention not only to its relationship to nearby buildings, but to the open spaces and landscaping around it. Barrier-free environments are essential for full participation and equality of disabled people [24] [25].
1) Ramps
2) Elevators
3) Platform Lift
4) Stairs
5) Railings and Handrails
6) Entrance
7) Vestibules
8) Doors
9) Corridors
10) Rest Rooms
The real aims of this research are to highlight the most important related points that give more value and guide for designers and architects.
Interaction Space
The interaction space is the space that a person needs to interact with another person, furniture, devices, machines or other elements. This space is also used by one person to change from a wheelchair to a seat or a toilet or to park a pram. The interaction space must not penetrate the accessible path. The interaction space can be frontal or lateral [24].
Entrances
The accessible path from the street or public space shall avoid stairs and ramps. Gradients up to 2% are preferred, although up to 5% are acceptable to reach the main entrance(s) at street level. If over 5% it should be designed as a ramp. All entrance doors must have a clear passage width adequate to the intended use of the building and the expected number of users. Minimum dimensions are 900 mm width × 2100 mm height. Doormats shall be levelled with the floor with a tolerance of ±2 mm [26]. The wheelchair ramp gives a wheelchair user more accessibility where a vertical distance must be traversed. Types of Wheelchair Ramps: Semi-permanent ramps rest on top of the ground or padding and are commonly used for short-term solutions. Permanent ramps Long-term solutions for disability act compliance and are usually bolted or cemented in place [24]. These are best suited for new buildings or halls. Portable ramps Made of lightweight materials and can fold for ease of transport such in berlins public transportations. It is important to find a variety that has a skid resistance surface. They are available in various metals and aluminum blends that are easy to maintain and clean. There are quite a variety of portable vehicle wheelchair ramps available. Some are just ramps while others have handrails. Deluxe versions have handrails on both sides. The old style of track wheelchair ramps is still available. These have one ramp per set of wheels for the wheel chair and are most commonly used with vehicle access. Vehicle Ramps Vans equipped with wheelchair ramps are commonly seen at senior centers and schools where they are used to transport people with disabilities to and from public events. Many dealers sell vans with these ramps already attached in fact it may be easier to purchase a new van rather than modify your old van to accommodate a wheelchair ramp. In America for loading unoccupied wheelchairs the ADA recommends a 3:12 slope. This means for every three inches of vertical rise you are required to have a least one foot of ramp. For business use, the ADA recommends a 1:12 slope which means that every one inch of vertical rise requires one for the ramp. For example, 24 inches of rise demands a 24-foot-ramp minimum. The U.K. has its own set of guidelines which are more complicated because they integrate both the metric and English terms of measurement. The reach of a wheelchair user is constrained by his seated position and the wheels of the chair and the footrest extension limit access to room corners, window opening, workbenches or switches. It is also important to consider various reaching zones for children and persons of small stature [26].
It is also important to use accessible furniture such as kitchen, table, bed, which is not only a matter of reaching but really using the equipment;
• Free space between furniture: 1.5 m to circulate.
• Free space under table, kitchen cooking table, counter, and oven:
Height of furniture should be 0.8 m with a 0.7 m free space for legs below the surface depth 0.6 m.
• Bench/bed: height above 0.45 m Barrier-free, design for-all, life span design, and trans generational design accessibility Therefore, inclusive environments provide access for everyone, regardless of their age and abilities [27].
Slope Specifications:
Having the correct slope is crucial as an overly steep slope can render a ramp too dangerous and inaccessible for an independent wheelchair user. Preferably there should be no vertical (very steep) slope at all. The preferred slope is 5% (1 cm height: 20 cm length) and the maximum acceptable slope is 8% (1 cm height: 12 cm length) A slope of 12% is not ideal and only acceptable if it is for short distance of 50 cm [25] [28].
Building Types
It deals directly with the accessibility requirements of selected building types. Special buildings for people with disabilities, such as health and housing facilities, as well as schools, fall within the scope of this article. To define buildings and plans for access for people with disabilities, this needs to be thoroughly developed through architectural designs based on the size of the target group, a classification of the different building types.
Checklist consideration
Part I: Smart city checklist consideration
Our research tries to create a solid foundation for this content. The checklist, which is an important tool, is displayed for those designing the smart city to evaluate the elements of a comprehensive smart city. To achieve integration and efficiency among the components of the comprehensive smart city, in order to achieve a better quality of life for all residents of the city see Table 1 Part I.
Part II: Architectural checklist consideration
The aim of designing Checklist Application is intended to be a tool used by Architect to assess and to develop proper solutions without missing any items related to the accessibility subject see Table 2 Part II [25].
4.1. Recommendations
Smart city needs to stop thinking of compliance with accessibility as an add-on; it needs to be the baseline. Everything that the City does needs to include disability and if it doesn’t, we’re missing out of a huge part of the population and market share, it’s leaving millions of people out of the equation. This includes the need to acknowledge the diverse range of disabilities, including those that are hidden or cognitive.
In context smart city, there is a need to view accessibility as an investment in a public good that contributes to effective, sustainable and equitable development for all and not merely an issue of cost or compliance. This will involve fundamental reconsiderations of policies that address the objective of equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities, as a target group, and to focus on measures that contribute to accessibility to the general systems for all.
People with disabilities in smart city should be able to arrive on the premises, approach the building and enter as freely as everyone else. At least one route of travel (e.g., from a parking lot in front of the building to the entrance of an office within the building) should be safe and accessible for everyone, including people with disabilities.
Our aims by preparing this research to great clear checklists not only to understand from Architect designer, but also from others who provide services in different sectors in the smart city. Smart checklists should be a tool to examine their facilities and identify physical barriers that may prevent persons with disabilities from having equal access to their services. This could be easy to evaluate your facilities for physical accessibility?
It helps us to give answers of: services and activities are accessible?
It helps us to give guidelines for design related issues.
Evaluate new and old buildings if meets accessibility requirements or can be altered to meet them?
You can use this checklist to assess where you are and identify the areas where you need to improve.
We encourage all to use this checklist as a way to strengthen their own knowledge and ensure that the final proposal is truly inclusive. This checklist is intended as a guide for better Change to guide planning and programming to ensure that their final application incorporates disability inclusionary practice.
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Table 2. Building or compound surroundings and outdoor areas. (Architectural checklist).
4.2. Conclusions
The smart city has an opportunity, as well as a responsibility, to incorporate groups that have been failed by the traditional urban planning.
Inclusive design is not just about designing for people with disabilities. It’s about keeping the diversity and uniqueness of each individual in mind as you create all your communications materials. It’s about knowing your users, understanding what their accessibility challenges are, and adjusting your design approach to ensure that each and every one of them can successfully engage with your platform.
Urban planners must work collaboratively with all sections of the population to build truly inclusive smart cities for the future. A checklist role helps to determine how well you’re aligned with the principles of Universal Design for disability persons, achieving the goals of the smart city in achieving universal access for all.