Evaluation of Patients’ Experience Following Dental Implant Surgical Procedure ()
1. Introduction
The use of osseointegrated implants as a foundation for prosthetic replacement of missing teeth has become widespread over the years [1], providing support to different forms of fixed and removable prostheses [2]. The introduction of dental implant-retained prostheses has resulted in a paradigm shift in the management of edentulism. It is of great value especially in the mandible, where advanced alveolar resorption and difficulty in providing stable, retentive, functionally comfortable prostheses is a big challenge [3]. Implant treatment has become highly predictable and successful probably due to the advancement in materials and the techniques of placement [1]. Furthermore, dental implant-supported prostheses have some advantages over other modalities in terms of function, comfort, biological compatibility, sustainability as well as relative cost-effectiveness [4]. However, high initial cost of dental implants and the fact that surgical procedure is required, may influence patients’ acceptance of implant as a replacement option [5].
Patient’s satisfaction with the outcome of implant surgery and prosthetic fabrication can be influenced by their expectations and pain experienced during and after the surgery. In addition, the degree of preoperative information provided for “informed consent,” satisfaction with comfort, and appearance are factors influencing overall treatment outcome satisfaction [6].
Other factors that may affect acceptance of implants are dental anxiety as well as fear of pain [7]. It has been found that patients with high phobia for surgery do not choose dental implant due to surgical procedure involved [8]. Therefore, in motivating patients towards accepting dental implant, specialists need to be aware of patients’ anxiety towards the choice and their experience following the dental implant placement.
Consequent to prolonged time involved and high cost of implant treatment, patients most times have high expectations for satisfactory treatment outcome [9] [10]. In order to avoid over-expectations and undue dissatisfaction with the treatment outcome, it is fundamental that adequate and thorough explanation of the procedures involved be made to the patients. Relevant information regarding what to expect during and after the surgical procedure is paramount to patient’s eventual satisfaction. Though initial information about dental implant surgery is often obtained from relatives, friends, printed media or internet [11] [12], findings from various researches have shown that patients seek more detailed information from dentists and nurses about implant treatment before undergoing surgery [11] [13]. The detailed information provided by dental professionals are either passed across by conventional face-to-face verbal information or through the use of audiovisuals, though the latter has been found to generate greater anxiety and fear in patients undergoing implant surgery [14] [15].
Furthermore, studies [16] [17] have shown that patient’s satisfaction is significantly determined by the quality of interpersonal communication between patient and healthcare providers. Thus, it may be significant to correlate the amount of such information given to patient prior to implant surgery with their postsurgical experience and see how such information assisted them in coping with their expectations following the surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to record patients experience following dental implant surgery as well as how the pre-surgery information given helped with their expectations.
2. Methodology
This prospective study involved patients that had dental implants placed at the dental implantology center of the University College Hospital Ibadan, between July 2017 and December 2019. Healthy adult patients ≥ 18 years (those that were not incapacitated by any chronic medical condition) that gave informed consent to participate in the study were consecutively recruited. The study protocol was approved by the UI/UCH Ethics review board. All the patients were given detailed basic explanation as regards the surgical and restorative phases by the Implant team which comprises of oral surgeons, restorative dentists and a periodontologist. Each patient was given the opportunity to ask as many questions as possible before the informed consent was obtained after confirming their satisfaction with the information.
A data collection form was designed by the authors who are specialists involved in implantology treatment at the study centre. Following both face and content validity of the form, it was pre-tested among 5 patients who were not part of this study, to detect and remove any ambiguity. The form comprised of 2 parts; part A was used to record the age, gender, habit (smoking, bruxism), socioeconomic status (SES) and medical condition of the patients. The SES was defined into high, middle and low, using the modified version of occupational stratification criteria of Famuyiwa and Olorunsola (1998) [18]. In addition, number and position of implant placed, the protocol for implant placement whether immediate or conventional were recorded. Part B asked questions on patients’ rating of their experience of discomfort whether significantly/slightly less than expected, same or significantly/slightly more. Furthermore, it sought for patient evaluation of pre-operative information (not sufficient, sufficient, good or excellent) in relation to their experience after surgery.
Implant placement was performed according to standard surgical protocols under local anaesthesia. All patients were prescribed: an antibiotic (Clindamycin 300 mg) twice daily for 5 days, Diclofenac potassium 50 mg twice daily for 3 days, Vitamin C 1000 mg daily for 2 weeks. Both verbal and written post-surgical instructions were given with emphasis on maintenance of good oral hygiene. At the one-week review visit, the patients independently completed the part B of the data collection form.
Data analysis was carried out using statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS for window: version 23). Pearson’s Chi square test was used to test association between categorical variables while independent t-test (Levene test for Equality of variances assumed) was employed to compare the means of pain/swelling experienced between genders. The significance level was put at p ≤ 0.05.
3. Results
Dental implant treatment was done for 27 patients between July 2017 and December 2019. The patients included 13 (48.1%) males and 14 (51.9%) females aged between 18 and 71 years, with mean age of 45.0 ± 16.3 (SD) years. Most of the patients (51.9%) fell within the age group 41 - 60 years. The majority (66.7%) were married while most (48.2%) were in the middle socioeconomic class (Table 1). The majority (59.3%) had no systemic illness while hypertension was the commonest systemic disease as seen in 25.9% of the patients (Table 1). None of the patients was a smoker or had any oral parafunctional habits.
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Table 1. The Characteristics of dental implant patients.
The total number of teeth replaced with implants in these patients was 48, though only 44 implants were placed indicating a mean of 1.6 implant/patient (some patients had implant-retained bridges). The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly replaced with upper right and left centrals accounting for 20.8% and 18.8% respectively. Posteriorly, the maxillary right second premolar and the mandibular right first molar were the predominantly replaced teeth (8.3% in each case) Table 2.
Figure 1 shows that the majority of the implants were placed conventionally while about one-third was done using immediate implant placement technique.
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Table 2. Frequency distribution of teeth replaced with implant in subjects.
Table 3 shows the frequency distribution of the post-surgical experience of the patients. The majority (77.7%) of the patients reported that the pain/discomfort experienced was less (either significantly or slightly) than expected while only one patient (3.7%) claimed to have experienced more pain/discomfort than expected. Similarly, most (66.6%) patients had less swelling than expected.
About one third (29.6%) felt they had excellent explanation of what to expect while a high majority (51.9%) had good explanation. However, 7.4% of the patients felt the information given were not sufficient to meet their needs (Figure 2).
With regards to gender variation in post-surgical experience, male patients had greater mean values for both pain and swelling (2.31 and 2.23 respectively) even though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08 and 0.64 respectively, Table 4).
Table 5 shows that among the patients that had significantly less discomfort than expected, the majority (8/12) had good to excellent information preoperatively. The majority of the patient 14 (51.9%) had good explanation before the procedure and 11 (40.7%) of them had less discomfort. However, two patients that claimed to have received excellent explanation reported to have experienced slightly more pain than expected though, there was no statistically significant difference in the correlation between the information and the pain/discomfort experienced.
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Table 3. Distribution of patient’s experience following implant surgery.
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Table 4. Gender variation in post implant surgery experience.
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Table 5. Correlation between pre-operative information received by the patient and the post-operative pain experienced.
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Figure 2. How information before procedure met patient’s expectations.
4. Discussion
The use and acceptance of dental implant as a replacement for missing tooth, has been on the increase especially in the developed world [19] [20]. In Nigeria, though the number of patients going for this option of tooth replacement may be low, it is pertinent to know the experience of the few patients in relation to the treatment, as studies [11] [21] have shown that many people get information as regarding different options from friends, relatives or other patients. Apart from getting feedback from the patients, knowing their experience will help towards the drive for more acceptance of implant surgery in our environment. The objective of this study was thus to know the view of the patients who had implant surgery in our facility with respect to the surgery experience as against what was expected, as well as effect of information given pre surgery.
The majority of the patients seen were females and the most commonly replaced teeth were the maxillary central incisors. This follows what has been reported in previous study by Ajayi et al. [22], from same center and also in accordance with some other studies [23] [24] that showed anterior teeth as being the most frequently replaced teeth with dental implants. This may not be unconnected to fulfilling aesthetics as a major reason for tooth replacement especially in females [25].
Also, majority of the patient had no systemic disease. This is not surprising, however, because case selection in implant surgery is very critical to obtaining a good outcome [26] [27] [28]. Some studies [29] [30] have pointed out that effect of systemic diseases on the outcome of implant surgery may be limited. However, Ajayi et al. [22] reported uncontrolled diabetes and HBSS as possible risk factors associated with healing and failure of dental implant recorded in their study. Nevertheless, good case selection in terms of quality and quantity of bone is paramount for better dental implant survival [31] [32].
The post implant surgery experience in this study was positive with most of the patients (77.7%) having significantly less or slightly less than expected pain. Pain and discomfort are amongst the major factors/symptoms used by patients to assess success of most dental surgeries including dental implant surgery. These are also among factors that can influence patients experience and overall satisfaction with dental implants [33] [34] [35] thus the less these symptoms the more positive the experience and the better the satisfaction post implant surgery [33].
In accordance to the findings in this study, Nogueira et al. [36] in a qualitative study reported that most patients had positive experience and less pain than expected. Similarly, Al Kabbaz et al. [37] reported that patients had mild pain than expected and this pain also reduced gradually with time. The result in this study may partially be due to the fact that majority (59%) of the cases were single implant placed conventionally. This is also corroborated by Al Kabbaz et al. [37] who reported that higher pain/discomfort is associated with multiple implant insertion. Patients that received multiple implants were found to be 1.3 times more likely to experience pain during surgery compared to those for single implant.
In addition, post-operative swelling is another factor that may influence post- surgery experience as most patients fear this, especially in the facial region where aesthetics is paramount. Similar to this study, Sanjay et al. [38] reported mild swelling post implant surgery. Only one of the participants (3.7%) in the present study experienced significant swelling than expected. This may be attributed to effective compliance to the post-operative instruction of placing ice pack on surgical site by the patient, which is ensured regularly at the study center. This has been found to significantly reduce post-operative swelling when well adhered to [39].
Furthermore, a gender difference in patients’ experience was recorded in this study in relation to both pain and swelling with males having greater mean values than females (2.31 and 2.23 respectively) indicating that men reported to experience more pain than female. This finding is in contrast to the study by McCrea [33] who found a significant gender difference, with male having higher comfort post implant surgery. Though most studies [40] [41] reported men to have higher pain threshold, women could also experience less discomfort or pain [42]. There may, therefore, be no clear cut agreement on gender disparity in post-surgical treatment.
Additionally, in assessing how the information provided pretreatment met the need of the patients, our study showed that the majority of the patients (81.5%) had good to excellent information. Also, those that had significantly less discomfort (66%) and generally those with less discomfort and pain reported they had good to excellent preoperative information, though not significant. Correspondingly, McCrea et al. [33] have also reported significant relationship between information received pre surgery and patients’ comfort. In this era of information on various dental procedures including dental implant through various forms of media [11] [43], it is pertinent on the dentists to give adequate information to the patients that show interest prior treatment.
Explanation of the procedure, possible complications and expectation post- surgery, both immediate and long term may help in alleviating the fear for surgery and prepare the patients psychologically. Also, a well-informed patient may not have unrealistic expectations post treatment as this may also influence the experience. Most importantly, adequate information which should include the level of discomfort and pain a patient may expect with dental implant treatment [31], is necessary from the professionals. This will also help throw light on any possible misleading information received through media which may give unrealistic expectations [11] [43].
This study has thus added to knowledge, that adequate information from the professionals prior to surgery gives positive experience post-surgery as the majority of the patients claimed the information given met their needs. However, some felt they needed more information, therefore, there is room for improvement in the amount and quality of information given to the patients. Though not considered in this study, positive experience with implant surgery may lead to patients’ future implant treatment consideration [34] and possible recommendation to other people.
Limitation of this study includes the low sample size which is due to number of patients that showed interest and were treated during the study period. Another limitation is the single center report. Therefore, further studies that will include a larger sample size will be better to generalize the result.
5. Conclusion
Within the limitation of the study, it can be concluded that a positive, encouraging and satisfactory experience of patients following implant surgical procedure is related to adequate and correct pre-treatment information. This may also contribute further to better acceptance of dental implant in our environment as a significant option for tooth replacement, considering the fact that experiences often shared among people may influence their decisions on many things.
Appendix
Questionnaire:
Evaluation of Patients’ Experience Following Dental Implant Surgical Procedure
Dear participant,
This questionnaire is set out to know the experience of our patients following implant treatment, and also to know how well informed you were before the procedure. The study outcome will assist us to give better and improved treatment to patients.
Your participation is voluntary and would be treated with absolute confidentiality.
Part A: Bio data
Date Case note No Phone No
1) Gender: Male ☐ Female ☐
2) Age (years): ……………….
3) Occupation: ………………………………………………
4) Educational level: i) No formal education ☐ ii) Primary ☐ iii) Secondary ☐ iv) Post Secondary ☐ v) Tertiary ☐ vi) others (please specify) …………………
5) Marital status: i) Single ☐ ii) Married ☐ iii) Divorced ☐ (iv) Widowed ☐ v) Separate ☐
6) Medical History: ………………………
7) Type of Implant-supported prosthesis: …………… (To be filled by Clinician)
8) Tooth/teeth replaced: _______/_______
9) Date of implant insertion ………………….
10) How many teeth are missing?
a) One
b) Two or three
c) 4 or more missing teeth but one or more in each jaw
d) All teeth missing in at least one jaw
11) Mode of placement of implant (to be filled by the Clinician)
Part B
12) How would you rate your pain/discomfort following surgery?
a) Significantly less pain/discomfort than I had expected
b) Slightly less pain/discomfort than I had expected
c) About the same amount of pain/discomfort that I had expected
d) Slightly more than I had expected
e) Significantly more than I had expected
13) How much swelling did you experience following surgery?
a) Significantly less swelling than I had expected
b) Slightly less swelling than I had expected
c) About the same swelling that I had expected
d) Slightly more swelling than I had expected
e) Significantly more swelling than I had expected
14) How did the information you were given before the procedure meet your expectation and help you to cope after the surgery.
a) It was not sufficient to meet my needs and expectation
b) Sufficient, but would have preferred more information
c) Good explanation of what to expect after surgery
d) Excellent explanation of what to expect after surgery
Thank you.