Assessing Religious Tourism Motivational Factors and Experiences of Visitors to Selected Religious Sites in Camarines Sur, Philippines ()
1. Introduction
Globally, religious or pilgrimage tourism is regarded as an ancient form of travel. It is said that religion is one of the factors that motivate people to set out on a journey [1] and millions of people travel towards the great pilgrimage centers to satisfy one’s own religious conviction and fulfill their religious curiosity. This type of tourism has such an important social and cultural characteristic, as social practice and changing individual beliefs. Hence, it owns a kind of socio-cultural potential of influencing the motivational state of a person, which has the need of cultural and religious objects required for the spirituality ideological existence [2].
It is estimated that approximately 240 million people per year go on pilgrimages, the majority of them being Christians, Muslims, and Hindus. Religiously or spiritually motivated travel has become widespread and popularized in recent decades. Many of those people travel to sacred places in strong belief that they will be cured and to pay respect to God, but some of them are just curious to see those sacred sites and destinations [3]. The main motives such as search for truth, enlightenment, or an authentic experience with the divine or holy, lead people to sacred sites [4]. It is also argued that pilgrims are generally not considered tourists, or, at least, they are regarded as being different from tourists [5]. This view suggests that pilgrims are not tourists because they travel for spiritual reasons, while tourists travel for more secular reasons such as curiosity or pleasure [3]. Religious tourists or pilgrims seek to escape the stresses of daily work and life in general. Many thus desire some spiritual invigorating formative and cultural experience in which they grow and become enlightened by what they encounter at a destination. Many enjoy dabbling in diverse world views and lifestyles experiencing other cultures [6]. On the other hand, for Christianity, the idea for pilgrimage is undoubtedly linked to the belief that “The Church is Pilgrim” as the will of people following God.
The religion of our country combined with ecological culture, natural scene and historical sites. Thus, it is regarded that in the early days, the religion and tourism of our country have already formed mutually promoting and developing together. In the Philippines, where it is considered as the third largest Catholic population in the world, faith has several ways of expressing itself. It depends on the local history of church, the national tradition, a whole set of cultural elements which make the expression of faith unique in some places. People of strong faith regardless of their social status do not have the words or the will to define their faith. They just practiced it and live with it along their lives [7]. Filipinos another way of practicing one’s own belief is experienced through many great events, from the novena, recitation of rosary, attending to processions of saints, and the religious devotion to various spiritual representation of Jesus Christ. These practices are believed by the Filipinos to be the salvation of their distress and misfortune in life, thus, spiritual faith will live forever as it is embedded in the Christian’s culture.
In this light, it is important to mention that motives of modern religious tourists differ from medieval pilgrims. Nowadays, religious tourism refers not only to the form of tourism with strong or single-minded religious motives of pilgrimage, but also to people who undertake non-pilgrimage tourist activities such as travelling to religious sites for sightseeing, cultivation and recreation [3]. Given the rise of religious tourism and strong spiritual conviction of pilgrims, it is vital to understand what motivates travelers to visit sacred sites and individual experiences [8].
2. Objectives of the Study
Generally, this paper aimed at understanding the motivations and experiences of religious travelers and at providing baseline in suggesting regulations and policies for visitors and sites as well. Specifically, it assessed the religious tourism motives such as religious and secular and further evaluated the experiences of visitors to six selected religious sites in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines.
3. Materials and Methods
This paper employed a descriptive method of research which is considered common in the leisure and tourism area, for three reasons: 1) the relative newness of the field, 2) the changing nature of phenomena being studied, and 3) the frequent separation between research and action [9]. It is also aimed to present and describe the characteristics of the subject being studied [10].
In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire-based survey was utilized in a self-administered form that serves as the main gathering tool. This instrument was modified from sources cited in the work of Božic [3] and has adopted the theoretical framework of Smith [11] which suggests and differentiates religious and secular motives (see Figure 1).
Religious motives are purely spiritual faith and adoration to God while secular motives are combined with visits to sacred sites while performing recreation and other tourism related activities found in the place.
The study was conducted at the six religious sites (see Figure 2) during three months (March, April, and May) time in the year 2018 as the summer and lenten seasons in the country. The selection of the sites was based on its popularity and with the highest recorded influx of visitors for the last three years in Camarines Sur, one of the provinces in Region V also known as Bicol region. It is considered as one of the major pilgrimage sites in the Philippines and a center of the 300-year old devotion to the Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia, declaring it as a pilgrim city of the country.
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1. The Miraculous Our Lady of Virgin Peñafrancia. Housed in Our Lady of Peñafrancia Church, the Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia is a miraculous wooden statue of the Blessed virgin, which was an exact replica of Spain’s Peña de Francia. Because of Her countless miracles, millions of devotees and pilgrims, local and foreign tourists alike, visit Naga City every year during the month of September in celebration of the nine-day festivity in Her glorious honor. This Blessed Mother is sweetly addressed as “INA” as sign of unconditional love and unwavering faith of the devotees. 2. Our Lady of Prompt Succor. The Miraculous Image of Nuestra Señora de Proto Soccoro was said to be part of the church in Buhi yet no one seems to remember how and when the image got to its altar. The image stands approximately three and a half feet in height and is made of very hard wood and is practically antique. 3. Hinulid (Christ laid to rest). Pilgrims travel to Calabanga, mostly on foot, to visit the Amang Hinulid, the image of Christ laid to rest. As part of the tradition, the Hinulid draws hundreds of devotees not only from Camarines Sur, but also from other parts of the country. 4. Hinulid (Christ laid to rest). Considered one of the oldest religious image of Christ laid to rest located in San Jose, Camarines Sur. It is believed for its healing miracles that strengthen the faith of locals and visitors. Influx of numerous devotees and pilgrims are observed every Friday most particularly during holy week. 5. Our Lady of Peace. Our Lady of Most Holy Rosary, Mother of Peace Grotto is located on top of Caglago Mountain in Barangay Tabgon, Caramoan, Camarines Sur. A flight of 524 steps to the grotto leads to the 26-foot image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 6. Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto. The grotto is built on top of Calvario Hill at the Ibalon Hotel Compound. It faces Mt. Iriga and offers a bird’s eye view of the city’s central business district. During lent, the grotto is also the set for the crucifixion scene of the street play on the Passion and death of Christ where many devotees come together to profess their faith and personal intention.
Figure 2. Major religious sites and attractions in Camarines Sur.
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Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of religious visitors.
The survey was administered to 1200 respondents equally distributed across the six study sites. Each site was represented by 200 visitors selected through convenience sampling technique where every respondent on-site has a chance to be selected in the survey. Most of the visitors are female between 41 - 50 ages and married whose monthly income ranging from Php 1001.00 - 5000.00. They are majority Roman Catholic and visitors within the region (see Table 1).
Respondents’ profile is consistent with the report of Asia Society [12] that the Philippines proudly boasts to be the only Christian nation in Asia, where more than 86 percent of the population is Roman Catholic, 6 percent belong to various nationalized Christian cults, and another 2 percent belong to well over 100 Protestant denominations, where Camarines Sur alone constitutes a 93.86 percent of catholic population.
4. Results and Discussion
Table 2 presents the religious motives of visitors. It was noted that the very important motivational factors for religious visitors are the beliefs for miracle
(3.96), spiritual healing (3.76), expressing love and respect to God (3.75), pilgrimage (3.33), prayer at the tomb of the saint (3.30), and devotion to God (3.28). Similarly, motives of searching for forgiveness (2.54) and getting closer to something sacred (2.50) are viewed important factors in their visit.
These findings have reflected for many Filipino Catholic practices and ethnic identity which are intricately interwoven into cultural meanings of identity, family, and community [13]. This powerful alignment of religious and cultural practices has carried over through generations, and Filipino Catholics has sustained a wide variety of church practices and attitudes to guide them and are able to manage life’s challenges and hardships.
Based on the scripture and church teachings, Filipino Catholics have so many ways of expressing devotion and worship to God. It encompasses faithfully attending mass and participating to private and public processions [14]. Furthermore, their spiritual actions were also visible through recitation of the rosary, charismatic gatherings, celebration of the Patron saints, kissing the feet and/or touching of saints and other images, visita iglesia (seven churches visitation), senakulo (passion play), pabasa ng pasyon (reading of the passion), penitensya (penance) that are usually observed during lenten season. A connection to divine power may also be sought through amulets, pilgrimages, saints, and novena [15]. These practices are believed by the Filipinos to be the salvation of their distress and misfortune in life, thus, spiritual faith will live forever as it is imbedded in the Christian’s culture.
Along with secular motives presented in Table 3, it was clearly understood that secular motives are not very important factors for visitors such as cultural-historic value and architecture (2.40), following the modern trends in travelling (2.33), desire for novel experience (2.30), beauty of the nature surrounding the religious site/s (2.05), and desire to interact with people (1.90). While, there were only few factors considered important along secular which are the curiosity to see attraction (3.00), desire to be a better person (2.76), and exploring the legends and interesting stories about religious site/s (2.60).
Result on secular motives is mirrored on the profile of visitors that most of them were belonging to senior age and lower social class based on their income. Thus, respondents are characterized under religious pilgrim whose these types of travellers searches for the meaning of life, does not live a luxury of life, is not concerned with social status, does not exploit the local people, and does not buy souvenirs [16]. They are visiting sacred sites purely for spiritual purposes and intervention in the belief that God will grant their prayers and will continue to provide on their everyday lives.
On the other hand, it can also be observed that some of the factors such as exploring the legends and interesting stories about religious sites, curiosity to see attraction, and desire to be a better person were viewed important motives by the visitors. With ever changing global political landscapes, religion has retained a significant place as a social movement with complexity of structures and functions, which pervades culture and traditions. The revival of visitation to pilgrimage sites was at the same time the rediscovery regarding secular public space and has introduced new form of thinking to find spirituality and develop alternative religious movements [17]. Nevertheless, religious tourism can be defined as travel with the core motive of experiencing religious forms or the products they induce like art, culture, traditions, and architecture [18].
The general religious tourism experiences of visitors are shown in Table 4. They strongly agree that religious travel gives them spiritual fulfillment (3.97), participation to religious activity shows their devotion to God (3.50), religious travel expresses their love and respect to God (3.30), and prayer to miraculous saint/s strengthens their belief to God (3.25). In the same way on visit to sacred places heals them spiritually (3.10), gives them feeling of forgiveness (3.05), and brings them closer to God (3.00). Contrarily, they disagree on their experiences that religious sites make them appreciate the historic value of the place (2.46) and the religious activity/attraction portrays historical and cultural value that widens their understanding (2.05).
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Table 4. Visitors’ religious tourism experience.
Visitors’ experiences were mainly observed on religious aspects rather than secular. Among the many reasons and/or motivations for people to travel are religion or spirituality and major tourism destinations across the world have developed largely due to their connections to scared people, places and events [4]. There are two distinguished aspects of religious tourism, such as: 1) the faith of a tourist, who has spiritual attachment to the destination in line with his religious belief, and 2) the new spiritual experience of a tourist, belonging to another belief or a different religion and for whim the destination and the religious practices have the dimension of novelty [19].
5. Conclusions and Implications
The religious motivational factors of visitors in the destination were significantly prevailing on the religious motives rather than secular motives which also reflected on their experiences. This indicates that religious visitors are motivated due to their intrinsic spiritual desire such as satisfaction of religious convictions and fulfillment of religious curiosity (faith and practice). In this sense, visitors are religious travelers themselves since their main motives are search for truth, enlightenment, or an authentic experience with the divine or holy which leads people to sacred sites [4].
In a broad sense, religious tourism is any trip motivated, either exclusively or partly, by religious reasons [20]. Although religious issues are not the only ones considered by the visitors to religious sites or events, some would be on the purpose of experiencing cultural, traditional, spiritual, and landscape patters which set them on a journey. This can also be noted that with the rise of travelers for religious tourism whether on religious or secular motives, pilgrimage destinations and/or sites have become a multifunctional nature that welcomes tourists in general.
Therefore, it is very important to put balance between visitors who came for religious and secular motives, hence, recognizing the crucial role among churches’ administrators and regional tourism organizations through local government units to implement measures that will preserve religious practices while taking advantage of its tourism significance.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Research and Development Office of Partido State University for technical and financial support; the respective manager/administrator of study sites for positive response on the administration of surveys; and for the friends and families of the researchers throughout the success of this paper.