Author(s)

Guyghens Bongwele Onanga^1,2*, Eric Kisonga Manuku¹, Riadh Ben Khalifa², Daddy Patrick Ilito Lofongo³, Alain Preat⁴, Valentin Kanda Nkula¹, Dominique Wetshondo Osomba¹

¹Geosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
²Nyumba Ya Akiba (NYA) Cement Plant, Songololo, DR Congo.
³Geological Survey of DR Congo (CRGM), Kinshasa, DR Congo.
⁴Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is by mass the largest manufactured product on Earth, responsible for approximately 6% - 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂) and 35% of industrial CO₂ emissions. On average 0.8 to 0.9 ton of CO₂ is emitted to produce one ton of OPC. In this paper, partial substitution of clinker (30% - 35%) by the calcined clay-limestone mixture was investigated in order to produce an eco-cement (LC3). Analyzes by XRF, XRD and ATG/ATD have characterized different components, determined the calcination temperature and selected the right clay which can act as effective Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM). Mechanical tests on mortar carried out over a period of 90 days. The WBCSD/WRI “Greenhouse Gas Protocol” methodology then allowed the calculation of CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. Three types of clay are available in the Songololo Region. The kaolinite is the principal clay mineral and its content varies from 27% to 34%. The sum of kaolinite and amorphous phase which enable clay to react with cementitious material ranges from 57% to 60%. The SiO₂ content ranges from 33% to 76%, the Alumina content from 12% to 20% so that the ratio Al₂O₃/SiO₂ is on the higher side (0.17 - 0.53). The calcination window is between 750°C and 850°C and the best clay which can act as SCM identified. The clinker’s substitution reduced CO₂ emissions from 0.824 ton of CO₂ for one ton of OPC to 0.640 ton of CO₂ for one ton of LC3, means 22% less emissions. The compressive strengths developed by LC3 vary from 8.91 to 57.6 MPa (Day 1 to Day 90), exceed those of references 32.5 cement and are close to 42.5 cement. In view of the results, LC3 cement can be considered for industrial trials.

Clay, Calcined Clay, Limestone, Cement, Eco-Cement, Songololo

Onanga, G. , Manuku, E. , Khalifa, R. , Lofongo, D. , Preat, A. , Nkula, V. and Osomba, D. (2023) Production of an Eco-Cement by Clinker Substitution by the Mixture of Calcined Clay and Limestone, Songololo (DR Congo). Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 11, 67-80. doi: 10.4236/gep.2023.117005.