Author(s)

Paul A. LaViolette

The Starburst Foundation, Niskayuna, NY, USA.

The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is found to make a superior fit on all tests. Any attempts to introduce evolutionary corrections to improve the concordance cosmology fit on one test often worsen its fit on other tests. Light curve data of high redshift gamma ray bursts and quasars fail to support claims for cosmological time dilation due to expansion. Also, the SCP supernova light curve test results are considered to be flawed by selection effect biases. The big bang theory also has difficulty accounting for redshift quantization, for the multi-megaparsec periodicity seen in the distribution of galaxy superclusters, and for the discovery of galaxies at redshifts as high as z ~11.9. In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe. One possible choice is a cosmology that predicts nonconservative tired-light redshifting in intergalactic space, the continuous creation of neutrons in space, the rate of matter creation scaling with both celestial body mass and temperature, galaxies growing progressively in size, and changing their morphology in the manner suggested by Jeans and Hubble.

Cosmological Redshift, Tired Light Effect, Hubble Constant, Galactic Evolution, Continuous Creation, Subatomic Particles, Reaction-Diffusion Systems, Open Systems, Self-Organizing Systems, Observational Cosmology, Tolman Test, Angular-Size-Redshift Test, Hubble Diagram, Supernovae

LaViolette, P. (2021) Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11, 190-231. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2021.112011.