Author(s)

Shuhei Nomura^1,2*, Akifumi Eguchi^1,3*, Daisuke Yoneoka^1,4*, Takayuki Kawashima^1,5*, Norimichi Hirahara¹, Yuta Tanoue^1,6, Stuart Gilmour⁴, Hisateru Tachimori^7,8, Hiroaki Miyata^1#

¹Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
²Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
³Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
⁴Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸Endowed Course for Health System Innovation, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Walking speed is a reliable barometer of adverse health outcomes, particularly among older people. Few studies evaluated factors associated with daily actual walking speed, rather than that measured in a laboratory setting or self-reported data. Methods: In a joint effort with The Pokémon Company, we recruited study participants through a women’s magazine and analyzed data from 63 Pokémon GO players. We measured the true walking speed in daily life among older women using a data-gathering mobile application. Then, using questionnaire survey data collected on these participants in 2019, we estimated the relationship between walking speed and their lifestyle and physiological factors. In the analysis, we employed a bi-directional stepwise linear regression approach, with the Akaike information criterion (AIC) for variable selection. Results: The mean age of the 63 participants was 63.03 years (standard deviation, SD 7.46); the average walking speed was 4.56 km per hour (SD 1.54); and 52 (82.5%) and 55 (87.3%) participants answered that they had excellent/good health physically and mentally, respectively. After adjusted for covariates in a stepwise regression approach, we identified a significant association between −1.33 (95% confidence intervals −2.52 to −0.15) km/hour lower walking speed and the experience of outdoor falls within a year. We also demonstrated that the walking speed was 1.07 (0.33 to 1.81) km/hour faster for those who had played Pokémon GO before the study started. Conclusions: The true walking speed in daily life among older women was measured by a data-gathering mobile application. Although all participants were women recruited on a voluntary basis with an understanding of the purpose of the study, and the surveys were conducted at a cross-sectional setting, a significant relationship with the experience of outdoor falls was demonstrated. We also present evidence suggesting a possible relationship between Pokémon GO play and faster walking speed.

Daily Actual Walking Speed, Pokémon GO Players, Experience of Outdoor Falls

Nomura, S. , Eguchi, A. , Yoneoka, D. , Kawashima, T. , Hirahara, N. , Tanoue, Y. , Gilmour, S. , Tachimori, H. and Miyata, H. (2021) Association between Daily Living Walking Speed and Lifestyle and Physiological Factors in Older, Female Pokémon GO Players. Health, 13, 564-573. doi: 10.4236/health.2021.135042.