Seasonal variations will cause the differences in the distribution of urban thermal environment. Therefore, it is essential for analyzing the distribution of land surface temperature (LST) in different seasons under the same land use type. In this paper, fully constrained least squares method of linear spectral mixture analysis was used to extract the information of land cover fraction. According to the differences in the degree of the urban development, the study area is divided into three regions, for estimating the differences in the distribution of urban thermal environment. Ternary triangular charts were drawn to analyze the impact of each land use type on seasonal UHI. Contribution index (CI) of each land cover was calculated to analysis of the impact of each land use type on LST. The results of this study indicate that the extreme differences in temperature extremes occur in summer, followed by spring, autumn, and winter. In the spring, high LST areas appear in industrial, bare land; high LST areas in summer occur in the CBD, light industrial, and cover crops; the high LST areas in autumn appear in the CBD, high-density residential; in winter, the distribution of low-density and medium-density residential areas, crops and lawns will inhibit the urban heat island effect. The analytical methodologies that be used in this study can help to quantify urban thermal environmental functions effect of different land use type and explore the climate adaptation potential of cities.