Author(s)

Martin Kampamba^1*, Progress Mulenga¹, Steward Mudenda¹, Billy Chabalenge², Jenipher Zulu³, Tadius Chimombe¹, Webrod Mufwambi¹, Mashebe Innocent Ngula¹, Audrey Hamachila¹, Jimmy Hangoma³, Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo¹

¹Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
²Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia.
³Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia.

Background: The increasing use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) both on prescription and over the counter raises a major global health concern because of the risks associated with their use if no proper guidance is given by the health care provider. This study assessed the roles of community pharmacists in screening and disseminating information about the risks associated with NSAID use in Zambia. Methodology: This was a national cross-sectional study in which a structured self-administered questionnaire was administered to 245 registered community pharmacists in Zambia. Stata/BE, version 15.1 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) and multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs. Results: 231 of the 245 distributed questionnaires were returned giving a response rate of 94.3%. All (100%) participating community pharmacists claimed to have practiced dispensing NSAIDs. However, only 26 (11.0%) and 71 (30.8%) regularly screened for risk factor of selective COX-2 NSAIDS (SC2-NSAIDS) and non-selective NSAIDS (NS-NSAIDs) respectively. Information dissemination on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of SC2-NSAIDS was regularly provided by only 22 (9.5%) of pharmacists while that of NS-NSAIDs was regularly provided by 49 (21.2%). In the multivariate logistic regression model, being the owner of a pharmacy (AOR: 5.4, CI: 1.84 - 16.4) was significantly associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs while an hour increase in the working hours per day (AOR: 0.9, CI: 0.64 - 0.95) was associated with less likelihood of information dissemination. Conclusion: Pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Zambia did not regularly screen and disseminate information about the risks associated with NSAID use. Therefore, pharmacists should be able to screen and monitor patients at risk and be aware of the majority of risk factors while dispensing NSAIDs to minimize the associated complications.

Community Pharmacists, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory, Drug Risk, Screening

Kampamba, M. , Mulenga, P. , Mudenda, S. , Chabalenge, B. , Zulu, J. , Chimombe, T. , Mufwambi, W. , Ngula, M. , Hamachila, A. , Hangoma, J. and Hikaambo, C. (2024) Roles of Community Pharmacists in Screening and Disseminating of Information about Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Risks: Implications for Drug Safety Assessment. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 15, 129-145. doi: 10.4236/pp.2024.154009.