Author(s)

Tankem Tankem¹, Pride Ndasi Ngwasiri^1*, Wilson Agwanande Ambindei², Makebe Calister Wingang³, Ngwa Martin Ngwabie⁴, Martin Benoit Ngassoum⁵, Ejoh Richard Aba¹

¹Department of Nutrition, Food and Bioresource Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
²Department of Process Engineering, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.
³Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
⁴Department of Agriculture and Environmental Engineering, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
⁵Department of Applied Chemistry, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Brewers’ spent grains constitute a nutrient-rich valuable and highly under-utilized by-product of the beer industry produced in large amounts all through the year. This bio-resource is a very good candidate for valorization, due to environmental and economic concerns, using biotechnological processing, particularly for food enrichment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fortification of Adakwa with traditional brewers’ spent grains (TBSG) on its physicochemical and nutritional properties as well as its acceptability using an experimental design. Four (4) samples of Adakwa were produced with TBSG incorporated rates of 0% (control sample), 10%, 20%, and 30% and evaluated. Using an experimental design, the effect of process parameters, including the TBSG incorporation rate, cooking time, and cooking temperatures on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the Adakwa were evaluated while the 9-point hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory properties and its overall acceptability: carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, cellulose, polyphenol, antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). The water absorption activity values were 81.2 ± 0.04, 4.55 ± 0.05, 9.73 ± 0.23, 3.31 ± 0.05, 6.73 ± 0.23, 1.60 ± 0.09, 28.85 ± 0.8 and 117 ± 3.54 respectively for 0% TBSG (control); 86.8 ± 0.01, 1.81± 0.20, 16.22 ± 0.16, 5.54 ± 0.69, 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.59 ± 0.03, 25.89 ± 0.94 and 475.0 ± 21.21 respectively for 30% TBSG. The sample with a high nutrient content was further produced using a central composite design and the factors studied were temperature and time, with responses, crude fiber, and FRAP content. The optimum production condition was: % TBSG: 47.06%; temperature: 123.17℃; Time: 30.34 mins. The sample with 47% TBSG had the best overall acceptability after sensory evaluation with sensory scores of: 5.45 ± 0.76, 7.9 ± 0.79, 8.0 ± 1.0, 7.10 ± 0.16, 8.5 ± 1.6, 7.6 ± 0.98 for color, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, texture and overall acceptability respectively. Thus TBSG can be used to improve the physicochemical and nutritional properties of adakwa.

Biomass, Brew-Waste, Spent Grain, Valorisation, Adakwa, Enrichment

Tankem, T. , Ngwasiri, P. , Ambindei, W. , Wingang, M. , Ngwabie, N. , Ngassoum, M. and Aba, E. (2023) Production and Evaluation of the Nutritional and Functional Qualities of “Adakwa” Enriched with Waste Biomass of Traditional Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Functional Staple Food. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 13, 265-288. doi: 10.4236/aces.2023.134019.