Osteoporosis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment - Open Journal of Orthopedics

OJO > Vol.12 No.4, April 2022

Open Journal of Orthopedics

Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2022)

ISSN Print: 2164-3008 ISSN Online: 2164-3016

Google-based Impact Factor: 0.25 Citations h5-index & Ranking

Osteoporosis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment ()

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Download as PDF (Size: 527KB) PP. 153-182

DOI: 10.4236/ojo.2022.124016 429 Downloads 3,367 Views Citations

Author(s)

Manoj Chadha¹, Ram Chaddha², Hema Divakar³, Hemant Kalyan⁴, Shobhit Seth⁵, Poonam Shah⁵

Affiliation(s)

¹Department of Endocrinology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, India.
²Department of Orthopedics, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India.
³Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divakars Specialty Hospital, Mumbai, India.
⁴Department of Orthopedics, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.
⁵Department of Medical Affairs, Integrace Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health disease. Increasing life span will add to the burden of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. The lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30% to 40%. Fractures pose an extensive burden on healthcare resources. Therefore, early diagnosis of osteoporosis is necessary. Methods: In this review, we provide a comprehensive approach to the current epidemiology, diagnosis aspects, treatments and fracture management in relation to the osteoporosis. Results: In assessing osteoporotic patients, good medical history with identification of clinical risk factors should be done. Along with basic blood investigations, bone mineral density, vertebral imaging, and bone turnover markers can aid the accurate diagnosis of bone loss. Modification of risk factors and dietary interventions are the first step in managing osteoporosis. Multiple options can be tailored to the individual needs in the treatment of osteoporosis. The frequency and duration for which the treatment is continued depend on the individual response to treatment. For fractures, surgical management is necessary whereas pharmacological interventions are needed to prevent further fractures. As osteoporosis often goes unrecognized until one or more fractures occur, it is important to understand the impact of osteoporosis. Conclusion: Osteoporosis remains a significant health problem globally that needs immediate attention to improve bone quality and prevent fractures associated with it optimally.

KEYWORDS

Osteoporosis, Bone Loss, Vertebral Fractures, Vitamin D

Share and Cite:

Chadha, M. , Chaddha, R. , Divakar, H. , Kalyan, H. , Seth, S. and Shah, P. (2022) Osteoporosis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment. Open Journal of Orthopedics, 12, 153-182. doi: 10.4236/ojo.2022.124016.

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