Using spatial autocorrelation analysis method, the spatial and temporal evolution of the overall development of Guangdong’s transportation capacity during 2001-2016 is analyzed. There is no large displacement between high-level and low-level agglomeration areas between cities, and there is obvious path dependence. According to the development level of transportation capacity of 21 prefecture-level cities in 2010-2016, the factors affecting the development level of transportation capacity are discussed. The results show that: Guangdong’s overall transportation capacity has increased with time, and transportation resources have been concentrated in Guangzhou in recent years. Cities in the high-level transportation capacity segment and cities in the low-level transportation capacity segment are relatively fixed, and there is path dependence; transportation fixed assets investment, transportation industry employees, and economic development level improve the transportation capacity. There is a significant positive impact; government fiscal expenditure and industrial structure have a significant negative impact on transportation development, reflecting the ineffectiveness and mismatch in the process of government fiscal expenditure and the unreasonable industrial structure; population density has no obvious development of transportation capacity. As the population density increases, traffic congestion in the city will not produce a good effect on the improvement of transportation capacity.