Author(s)

Fernanda Casagrande^1*, Paulo Nobre², Ronald Buss de Souza³, Andre Lanfer Marquez², Etienne Tourigny¹, Vinicius Capistrano², Raquel Leite Mello²

¹National Institute for Space Research, Earth System Science Centre, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
²National Institute for Space Research, Centre for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil.
³National Institute for Space Research, Southern Center for Space Research, Santa Maria, Brazil.

Important international reports and a significant number of scientific publications have reported on the abrupt decline of Arctic sea ice and its impact on the Global Climate System. In this paper, we evaluated the ability of the newly implemented Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM-OA) to represent Arctic sea ice and sensitivity to CO₂ forcing, using decadal simulations (1980-2012) and future scenarios (2006-2100). We validated our results with satellite observations and compared them to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) for the same numerical experiment. BESM results for the seasonal cycle are consistent with CMIP5 models and observations. However, almost all models tend to overestimate sea ice extent in March compared to observations. The correct evaluation of minimum record of sea ice, in terms of time, spatial and area remains a limitation in Coupled Global Climate Models. Looking to spatial patterns, we found a systematic model error in September sea ice cover between the Beaufort Sea and East Siberia for most models. Future scenarios show a decrease in sea ice extent in response to an increase in radiative forcing for all models. From the year 2045 onwards, all models show a dramatic shrinking in sea ice and ice free conditions at the end of the melting season. The projected future sea ice loss is explained by the combined effects of the amplified warming in northern hemisphere high latitudes and feedbacks processes.

Arctic Sea Ice, Climate Models, Brazilian Earth System Model

Casagrande, F. , Nobre, P. , de Souza, R. , Marquez, A. , Tourigny, E. , Capistrano, V. and Mello, R. (2016) Arctic Sea Ice: Decadal Simulations and Future Scenarios Using BESM-OA. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 6, 351-366. doi: 10.4236/acs.2016.62029.