Author(s)

Andrew Walcott Beckwith^*

College of Physics, Chongqing University Huxi Campus, Chongqing, China.

This paper is with the permission of Stepan Moskaliuk similar to what he will put in the confer-ence proceedings of the summer teaching school and workshop for Ukrainian PhD physics stu-dents as given in Bratislava, as of summer 2015. With his permission, this paper will be in part reproduced here for this journal. First of all, we restate a proof of a highly localized special case of a metric tensor uncertainty principle first written up by Unruh. Unruh did not use the Roberson-Walker geometry which we do, and it so happens that the dominant metric tensor we will be examining, is variation in δg_tt. The metric tensor variations given by δg_rr, and are negligible, as compared to the variation δg_tt. Afterwards, what is referred to by Barbour as emergent duration of time is from the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle (HUP) applied to δg_tt in such a way as to give, in the Planckian space-time regime a nonzero minimum non zero lower ground to a massive graviton, m_graviton. The lower bound to the massive graviton is influenced by δg_tt and kinetic energy which is in the Planckian emergent duration of time δt as (E-V) . We find from δg_tt version of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP), that the quantum value of the Δt·ΔE Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) is likely not recoverable due to δg_tt ≠ Ο(1)~g_tt ≡ 1. i.e. δg_tt≠ Ο(1) . i.e. is consistent with non-curved space, so Δt · ΔE ≥ no longer holds. This even if we take the stress energy tensor approximation T_ii= diag (ρ ,-p,-p,-p) where the fluid approximation is used. Our treatment of the inflaton is via Handley et al., where we consider the lower mass limits of the graviton as due to when the inflaton is many times larger than a Potential energy, with a kinetic energy (KE) proportional to ρ_w ∝ a^-3(1-w) ~ g*T⁴ , with g* initial degrees of freedom, and T initial temperature. Leading to non-zero initial entropy as stated in Appendix A. In addition we also examine a Ricci scalar value at the boundary between Pre Planckian to Planckian regime of space-time, setting the magnitude of k as approaching flat space conditions right after the Planck regime. Furthermore, we have an approximation as to initial entropy production N~S_{initial(graviton)}~10³⁷. Finally, this entropy is N, and we get an initial version of the cosmological “constant” as Appendix D which is linked to initial value of a graviton mass. Appendix E is for the Riemannian-Penrose inequality, which is either a nonzero NLED scale factor or quantum bounce as of LQG. Note that, Appendix F gives conditions so that a pre Planckian kinetic energy (inflaton) value greater than Potential energy occurs, which is foundational to the lower bound to Graviton mass. We will in the future add more structure to this calculation so as to confirm via a precise calculation that the lower bound to the graviton mass, is about 10^-70 grams. Our lower bound is a dimensional approximation so far. We will make it exact. We conclude in this document with Appendix G, which is comparing our Pre Planckian space-time metric Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle with the generalized uncertainty principle in quantum gravity. Our result is different from the one given by Ali, Khali and Vagenas, in which our energy fluctuation is not proportional to that of processes of energy connected to Black hole physics, and we also allow for the possibility of Pre Planckian time. Whereas their result (and the generalized string theory Heisenberg Uncertainty principle) have a more limited regime of interpolation of final results. We do come up with equivalent bounds to recover δg_tt ~ small-value ≠ O(1) and the deviation of fluctuations of energy, but with very specific bounds upon the parameters of Ali, Khali, and Vegenas, but this has to be more fully explored. Finally, we close with a comparison of what this new Metric tensor uncertainty principle presages as far as avoiding the Bicep 2 mistake, and the different theories of gravity, as reviewed in Appendix H.

Massive Gravitons, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP), Riemannian-Penrose Inequality

Beckwith, A. (2016) Gedanken Experiment for Refining the Unruh Metric Tensor Uncertainty Principle via Schwarzschild Geometry and Planckian Space-Time with Initial Nonzero Entropy and Applying the Riemannian-Penrose Inequality and Initial Kinetic Energy for a Lower Bound to Graviton Mass (Massive Gravity). Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2, 106-124. doi: 10.4236/jhepgc.2016.21012.