Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level. In the present book, twenty-one typical literatures about biodiversity published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on biodiversity. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in biodiversity as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.