Stability of Perfectly Matched Layers for Time Fractional Schrödinger Equation ()
1. Introduction
As one of the most important model in modern science, the Schrödinger equation has a variety of applications in many fields, such as optics, Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum mechanics and molecular physics. The Schrödinger equation can be derived by considering Gaussian probability distribution [1]. It makes sense to consider the non-Gaussian distribution, and Laskin [2] [3] obtained the space fractional Schrödinger equation. The diffusion of particles is still Markovian for the space fractional Schrödinger equation, and it is no need to consider the memory of the equation. However, the memory and hereditary properties must be considered under the non-Markovian evolution. Naber firstly proposed the time fractional Schrödinger equation based on the generation of the time fractional diffusion equation [4], and studied the properties of the time fractional Schrödinger equation. In addition, Sjögreen proposed the perfectly matched layer method of Maxwell’s equations [5]. Singer and Turkel studied the Helmholtz equation based on the perfectly matched layer method [6]. Karim and the coauthors combined perfectly matched layer with finite element method [7] to study the numerical modeling of acoustic devices in piezoelectric. As a fundamental model of fractional quantum mechanics [8], the fractional Schrödinger equation [9] [10] has attracted massive attention from both physicists and mathematicians; see the references [11] [12] [13] and references therein. Although the approximate and analytical solutions have been studied for some initial conditions or nonlinear terms, the expression of the solution is very complex [14] [15]. Thus, how to design the efficient method to solve the fractional Schrödinger equation on unbounded domain is an important issue.
This paper aims to numerically solve the following time fractional Schrödinger equation (TFSE) on unbounded domain
(1)
(2)
(3)
where
,
is the complex-valued wave function,
is the Caputo fractional derivative operator with
defined by
with the usual Gamma function
. The function
is the initial condition with compactly supported in the domain of interest.
There are several approaches to efficiently solve the partial differential equations defined on unbounded domain, including infinite element method, boundary element method, artificial boundary method and absorbing layer approach. We restrict ourselves to the last strategy and numerically solve the TFSE by applying the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique, which was originally proposed by Berenger for electromagnetism [16] and has been successfully applied to solve a variety of partial differential equations [17] [18] [19], to study the behavior of quantum mechanical systems without having spurious reflections from waves traveling out of the interested domain. The key idea of PML approach is to surround the physical domain by an artificial unphysical layer to damp the waves entering the layer region without any reflections. Many works are presented to study the numerical solution of the Schrödinger-type equation by adopting the PML approach. Zheng applied the PML approach to solving the linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equation on unbounded domain in [20]. Nissen and Kreiss used a modal ansatz to derive the PML approach for the Schrödinger equation in [21], and demonstrated how to choose the optimal parameters of the PML. The PML approach for a system of two-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with mixed derivatives is derived in [22], and the stability is proved for a specified absorption function. The recent theoretical and numerical developments concerning PML approach for solving the Schrödinger equation are presented in the review [23] and the references therein.
There are some works to study the numerical solution of the time fractional Schrödinger equation on unbounded domain. Li, Zhang and Antoine [24] [25] designed the artificial boundary conditions and fast algorithms to efficiently solve the TFSE in unbounded domains. Antoine and coauthors designed a series of PML for the time dependent space fractional partial differential equations [26] [27] [28]. Unfortunately, the study of the PML for TFSE is very rare. This paper aims to research this issue and the corresponding stability.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the general solution of the TFSE is obtained by applying the Laplace transformation, and the PML approach for TFSE is applied to obtain a reduced initial boundary value problem (IBVP) on a bounded domain. The stable property of IBVP with PML function is analyzed rigorously. The IBVP is discretized by applying the finite difference method in Section 3. In Section 4, some numerical results are presented to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the our PML approach. Finally, the conclusions and research purposes are given in Section 5.
2. PML Approach for TFSE
2.1. PML Function
The perfectly matched layers with width d are introduced to divide the whole area into three parts, the interior domain
with adjacent PML is reduced to the computational domain
, and exterior domain is
. In order to obtain the equation in the PML, which is modified through the idea of Nissen [21], consider the constraint on
on the exterior domain
(4)
(5)
(6)
One notes that the Laplace transform of Caputo fractional derivative [29] satisfies
Applying the Laplace transform to Equation (4), we get
which has a general solution
Assume that
for
. Since
when
, we have
(7)
where the absorption function
is a real and non-negative function in
. To obtain decaying solution, the parameter
is usually chosen as a constant
in the interval
. The PML function (7) satisfies
(8)
Applying the inverse Laplace transform to (8), we get the following initial boundary value problem in bounded domain
(9)
(10)
(11)
where
. One can observe that
for
to
reduce the original Equation (1) in the bounded computational domain. Thus, Equation (9) can be solved both in the interior domain and in the layer by letting
vanish in the interior.
2.2. Stability
Based on the idea of smooth exterior scaling (SES) [21], we present the stability of the reduced IBVP (9)-(11) in this section. In SES the ansatz
is introduced. Substituting the ansatz into (9), we have
(12)
where
and
. The
can be obtained as
.
Lemma 1. [25] Let
be a complex valued function which is absolutely continuous on
. Then, the following inequality holds
(13)
where
represents the complex conjugate function of u and
.
Lemma 2. [25] Let
. We assume that
is a nonnegative absolutely continuous function that satisfies
(14)
where
and
is an integrable nonnegative function on
. We have
(15)
where
are the Mittag-Leffler functions and
is the Riemann-Liouville integral given by
.
Theorem 1. Let
. Assume that
,
,
and that (12) has a smooth solution in any interval
. Then
(16)
Proof. Since
, the Equation (12) can be written as
(17)
where
.
By multiplying (17) by
, taking the complex conjugate of (17), multiplying the result by
, and combining the two equations and integrating over
, we get
(18)
Denote
, we have
where
.
where
.
Applying the Lemmas 1 and 2, we have
with
, and
in any interval
. This completes the proof. □
3. Finite Difference Scheme for Reduced IBVP
In this section, the following difference scheme is established for the equation and the following assumptions are made. The interval
is uniformly divided into M equal parts, the interval
is uniformly divided into N equal parts, the spatial step size is
, the temporal step size is
, let
,
,
,
.
Assume
is a grid function defined on
, where
. The following notations are reported
where
.
The PML function (9) can have the following approximation by applying the Crank-Nicolson finite difference scheme
(19)
(20)
where
, and
.
4. Numerical Results
In this section, the absorbing function is given
, where
is the absorption strength factor. Some numerical results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the PML approach in this section.
Example 1. Consider the time fractional Schrödinger equation with the initial condition
where k is the wave number. The computational interval is
Figure 1. The influence of the thickness of the PML absorbing layers.
, the wave number is chosen as
. Since the exact solution is undiscovered, we calculate the TFSE on a very fine grid and in a large area
as reference solution.
Figure 1 plots the reference solution and the numerical solution with different PML width
. One can see that the performance of PML is greatly improved when the absorbing layer is enlarged. The width of PML is selected as
in the following computations.
Figure 2 shows the numerical and exact solutions for different fractional orders
at different times, and one can observed that the numerical solutions fit the exact solutions very well, which means that the designed absorbing function in PML is very efficient. Figure 3 studies the influence of the absorption strength factor, we can see the PML approach present approximate solution very well as
in this example, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.
Figure 2. Numerical solutions compared with exact solutions for different orders
and
.
(a)(b)
Figure 3. The numerical solutions with different
at different times.
5. Conclusion
The perfectly matched layer function of the time fractional Schrödinger equation on an unbounded domain is developed by applying the perfectly matched layer approach to obtain an initial boundary value problem on a bounded computational domain, which can be solved efficiently by adopting finite difference method. Based on the idea of smooth exterior scaling, the stability of the reduced initial boundary value problem is presented. The numerical results are reported to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by Shandong provincial natural science foundation (Grant No. ZR2019BA002).