Multidimensional Stability of Subsonic Phase Transitions in a Non-Isothermal Van Der Waals Fluid ()
1. Introduction
The motion of a 2-dimensional non-isothermal van der Waals fluid is governed by the following Euler equations
(1)
where
,
is the density,
is the velocity with
, p is the pressure satisfying the following state equation
(2)
with
being the specific volume,
being the temperature, R being the perfect gas constant and a, b being positive constants, e is the specific internal energy given by
(3)
and i is the specific enthalpy given by
(4)
Otherwise, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the specific entropy s and the specific free energy f of the fluid is defined by
(5)
and
(6)
respectively. Regarding
as independent variables and denoting
,
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\3e726b09-622e-4340-9a63-cd198ec78637.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\361ac38b-80fa-4e93-8c3a-b4297764a5cb.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\9d72e6ed-0dac-422d-bf17-5307845fcfb9.jpg)
and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\2089ece7-281a-47f5-ae5a-ba6b60858439.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\aab08cf6-9b2a-4563-8dd9-52375c6df832.jpg)
where
is the sound speed, we can rewrite (1) as
(7)
or
(8)
When
, the state Equation (2) is not monotonic with respect to
, which means that there exist
and
such that
(9)
The fluid is in liquid phase in the region
, while it is in vapor phase in the region
. The region
is a highly unstable region (spinodal region) where no state can be found in experiments [2]. Due to such monotonicity, subsonic phase transitions can be found in a van der Waals fluid, which is different from the well-known classical nonlinear waves such as shock waves, rarefaction waves and contact discontinuities.
A subsonic phase transition is a discontinuous solution to the Euler Equation (1) with a single discontinuity, which changes phases across the discontinuity and satisfies certain subsonic condition on both sides of the discontinuity. To explain the concept with more detail, let us consider the following planar subsonic phase transition
(10)
where
are constant states of the flow,
is the constant speed of the discontinuity
and
belong to different phases. The solution (10) satisfies the Rankine-Hugoniot condition
(11)
and the subsonic condition
(12)
where
denotes the difference of a function across the discontinuity
,
and
are the Mach number and the sound speed on each side of the discontinuity
respectively.
Due to the subsonic property (12), the well-known Lax entropy inequality [3] is violated for subsonic phase transitions. Hence, several admissibility criteria were introduced to select the physical admissible subsonic phase transitions, among which the viscosity capillarity criterion proposed by Slemrod [4] is an important one. Ever since, for a long time, attention has been paid to isothermal phase transitions and related problems with numerous works devoted to such topics. For problems in one dimensional spaces, see [2,4-6] and references therein. For problems in multi-dimensional spaces, see [7-10] and references therein.
Compared with isothermal phase transitions, there is much less knowledge on non-isothermal phase transitions and there are fewer papers available. Slemrod [11] and Grinfeld [12] proved the existence of traveling waves in Lagrange coordinates by Conley index theory. Hattori [13] considered certain cases of the Riemann problem by the entropy rate criterion. Recently, the author [1] proved the existence and structural stability of traveling waves by using the center manifold method, in light of which, we can expect to reveal more insights of multidimensional phase transitions.
The purpose of this paper is to study the multidimensional stability of non-isothermal phase transitions. With straightforward computation, we show that the corresponding linearized initial boundary problem for the planar phase transition satisfies the uniform Lopatinski condition [14,15]. Without giving much detail, here we briefly state the main result of this paper Theorem 1.1 There exists
and K1 > 0 depending on the bounds of
and
given in (10) and
given in (18), such that for
and 0 < K < K1, the
-admissible phase transition (10) is uniformly stable.
The definitions of the parameters
, K,
and
- admissible will be given in Section 2, and the uniform stability will be described in detail in Section 4.
The paper is arranged as follows. Section 2 is a brief recall of the viscosity capillarity criterion for phase transitions and related existence results of traveling waves. In Section 3, we propose the main problem and prove the stability of phase transitions in one dimensional spaces. The multidimensional stability of phase transitions is presented and proved in Section 4.
For the simplicity of notations, we will need the following quantities in the coming arguments.
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\31b0f35e-1172-4cac-b0d2-004f8f70dbb9.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\753e6653-9bdf-45e0-97fb-52eb7a76b461.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\d9cbbcbc-c682-413f-ba96-769ff6468e10.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\1931a112-c634-4597-8e69-45eeb484d996.jpg)
Considering the planar subsonic phase transition (10), we denote by
the mass transfer flux, and
and
. Then, the Rankine-Hugoniot condition (11) and the subsonic condition (12) can be rewritten as
(13)
and
(14)
respectively.
2. Viscosity Capillarity Profiles
Analogue to the traveling wave method for viscous shocks, the viscosity capillarity criterion is applied to find the planar wave (10) which admits the existence of the following traveling wave
(15)
satisfying
and the Navier-Stokes equations
(16)
where
is the Laplace operator,
is the viscosity coefficient,
is the capillarity coefficient and
is the heat conductivity coefficient with
,
,
. Substituting (15) into (16) and noticing the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions (11), we can derive the following heteroclinic problem for the unknown functions
,
(17)
where the prime ' denotes the derivative of a function with respect to
.
In order to deal with the above problem by the center manifold method, we proposed the following assumption in [1],
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\6f45a13a-458a-48ec-af16-d9b21f18314c.jpg)
which was later simplified as
(18)
with M being a positive constant and
. Employing the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions (13), the hecteroclinic problem (17) becomes
(19)
Therefore, the admissibility of subsonic phase transitions can be defined by Definition 2.1 The planar phase transition (10) is admissible if and only if the problem (19) has a solution. The solution
is called the viscosity capillarity profile, or
-profile for simplicity. The pair
,
is called
-admissible.
To state the existence result of
-profile, we will need the following quantities. As usual for fixed
, the Maxwell equilibrium
is defined by the equal area rule
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\c13efcb3-e8b2-4180-8d9e-2cb880e3780f.jpg)
Then there exists a unique point
, which satisfies that the chord connecting the points
and
is tangent to the graph of
at the point
. Denote
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\206009ef-48e8-4b25-a40c-ec4a00be89a5.jpg)
When
, the
-profile satisfies
(20)
which implies
. Setting
, there exists
satisfying the first equation of (20) by the generalized equal area rule as in [8], which means
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\fd83c61a-9f1b-4cf1-aa52-edc843cd24e6.jpg)
Moreover, for every
and
, a unique pair
can be found such that
and
can be connected by the
-profile with the parameters j and
.
Based on the existence of
-profile, the following theorem shows the existence of
-profile for small
and small K in [1].
Theorem 2.1 For every
and
, there exist
,
and neighborhoods
,
,
of
,
,
respectively, such that, for
, there are unique pair
and
, for which
and
are
-admissible with the parameters j and
.
Moreover, an additional jump condition can be derived for (10), which plays an essential role in the study of the stability of phase transitions. In the isothermal case [4], due to the subsonic condition (12), the Rankine-Hugoniot condition (11) is not sufficient to guarantee the wellposedness of the boundary value problem for phase transitions, which is also the situation that we encounter in the study of non-isothermal case.
By multiplying the first equation of (19) with
and integrating from
to
with respect to
, we get the following jump condition on the phase boundary
(21)
where
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\29ef01f6-04eb-4c67-97fc-5d4fd9501490.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\38970e4a-999f-4ab1-a0cc-48639cf1b07f.jpg)
with
,
and
being the
-profile with the parameters j and
.
Remark 2.1
is a bounded function which also possesses a uniform limit as
,
. Indeed, from the second equation of (19), we have
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\99450af3-427f-4196-a4fc-a015052494d7.jpg)
where
.
Simple calculation yields
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\dc259222-5694-4b58-a297-05d32e248bec.jpg)
When
,
,
has a uniform limit
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\b0e02697-3749-420f-9b01-38c163d37781.jpg)
where
is the
-profile.
Moreover, from the following jump conditions
(22)
the functions
of
can be determined by the implicity function theorem for
near
and every
satisfying the conditions given in Theorem 2.1. The following identities can be easily verified
(23)
where − denotes the value of a function for
and
,
,
.
3. Linearized Problems and One Dimensional Stability
In this section, we propose the nonlinear problem for a multidimensional subsonic phase transition and derive the corresponding linearized problem. Then we prove the 1-dimensional stability for the linear problem.
3.1. Linearized Problems
Endow the Euler Equation (1) with the following initial data
(24)
where
is the initial discontinuity and
belong to different phases. If the initial data (24) satisfies certain compatibility conditions, then we can expect to construct the following multidimensional subsonic phase transition
(25)
which satisfies the following nonlinear initial boundary value problem
(26)
where the third equation is a reformulation of the jump condition (21) with
,
,
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\8e6aeea7-1046-4f60-83ae-dfe0b89cb243.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\503147ae-a2cb-4431-8862-981d1e292f92.jpg)
and
,
satisfying
.
Following [15], we introduce the following transformation to map the free boundary
into a fixed boundary ![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\a71e7f3a-59e5-40d4-b6e9-47e844df8565.jpg)
(27)
Then the problem (26) becomes
(28)
where we have dropped the tildes for simplicity of notations.
Consider the perturbation,
, of the planar phase transition (10), which satisfies the problem (26) and
. Denote
. Then, the following linearized problem for the unknowns
can be derived from (26),
(29)
where
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\6fe1b8f2-523d-49be-9288-8db27ed06b95.jpg)
with
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\d7201143-814f-41c0-aa9c-f28a86c30563.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\e703392b-391c-4db5-aac7-2bff092c46d5.jpg)
and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\d32b3cd7-9c18-4185-b8ee-086e23e3b3be.jpg)
Remark 3.1 Simple calculation yields
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\2164fe8d-c349-4b18-8310-74f4dded92a4.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\77b23ba6-b7cf-43e8-80d7-8243ad0ad8ea.jpg)
Noticing that the boundary conditions of (29) involve the quantities
,
,
and
, we will need the following lemma to deal with these quantities.
Lemma 3.1 For all
, the functions
and
are continuously differentiable. Moreover, their derivatives are continuous with respect to
at
and are bounded depending on the bounds of
and
given in (10) and the constant M given in (18). There exists
such that for all ![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\6cf8c387-18a9-438b-84fc-10049bb973b1.jpg)
(30)
Proof. The estimate (30) is immediate from Lemma 2 in [7], once we prove the continuity of
. Let us show the continuity of
and
. Differentiating (21) with respect to j, we get
(31)
By Taylor’s formula, we have
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f61230cd-559e-49e1-aed9-224bfa7c0dbc.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\43e334b9-6f49-456e-b44c-7cc8bbaef28c.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\4cae7468-0501-4dcd-b21f-1acc1d5ee742.jpg)
where
and
is an infinitesimal as r goes to zero. Substituting the above identities into (31) and employing the calculations (23), we get
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\58cb3fa3-a58c-461a-839c-ff61a0dd3125.jpg)
which implies
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\5ff7e548-1a19-4333-9a7d-6c55a2692535.jpg)
Similar arguments yield the continuity of
and
as the following
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\542902d0-3ed8-44e6-9bd3-dcde646de381.jpg)
3.2. One Dimensional Stability
The one dimensional stability concerns the stability of the problem (29) without terms of y-derivatives, namely,
(32)
The following theorem shows the stability of planar phase transitions in one dimensional spaces.
Theorem 3.2 There exists
depending on the bounds of
and
given in (10) and the constant
given in (18), such that for any fixed
(
is given in Lemma 3.1.) and
, the subsonic phase transition (10) is stable with respect to perturbations in the x-direction, which means the problem (32) is well-posed.
Proof. The main idea of the proof is to show that the boundary values of outgoing characteristics and the free boundary can be determined by the boundary conditions, for which we need to investigate the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the matrix
. The eigenvalues of
are
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\a2da59c3-30e2-4248-80a9-decd10961714.jpg)
of multiplicity 1 and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\5b447536-dd0a-4353-9cbf-8f0842bf8a85.jpg)
of multiplicity 2. The corresponding right eigenvectors are
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\bef8d832-71a9-4eb5-8517-8f4f69253e11.jpg)
and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\1b1b0842-01d8-4c01-8a36-f6e766eaef3b.jpg)
respectively.
Denote by
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\02d128eb-740c-4b29-9475-f026a7cb1104.jpg)
the decompositions of
on the bases ![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\0871839e-b4f4-44d0-b0ee-b9cade8b6e88.jpg)
respectively. Since the mass transfer flux
is nonzero, we assume
. Then the subsonic condition (14) becomes
(33)
Accordingly, we rewrite the boundary condition of (32) as
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\87b29bd2-b2d5-40d5-b8e0-09b988457143.jpg)
to separate the outgoing characteristics together with the free boundary from the incoming characteristics. The necessary and sufficient condition for the well-posedness of the problem (32) is that the determinant
(34)
does not vanish. Direct computation yields
(35)
where
denotes a bounded term depending on the bounds of
,
given in (10) and M given in (19). The determinant on the right side of (35) takes the value
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\28430c17-916a-4d85-b956-c83094c2661a.jpg)
for
with
given in Lemma 3.1.
Therefore, we can find
depending on the bounds of
,
given in (10) and the constant
given in (18) such that for
and
,
the problem (32) is well-posed. Similar arguments can be carried out for the case
.
4. Multidimensional Stability
First let us introduce the uniform stability in [15] and state the main result in detail. Denote by
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\2f048cb6-58ff-4623-9889-81a280625658.jpg)
and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\255a6c44-6eb1-4932-b2e1-d35bef97c12c.jpg)
the Laplace-Fourier transform of V in
-variables with
. Then, from (29) we know that
satisfies
(36)
where
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\bd961a06-5bc5-488a-a4c5-54041cd9a2a1.jpg)
and
.
Denote by
all the distinct eigenvalues of
with multiplicity being mj. Obviously, we have
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\c76b7d2a-e112-425b-ab7a-96e9b8149943.jpg)
Introduce
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\253ab918-e86c-4536-9a4f-d77bc64481e6.jpg)
the space of boundary values of all bounded solutions of the special form
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\a98d4478-16d7-48f9-a9ca-4a6f0ced968f.jpg)
to (36) with
.
Thus, we can state the uniform stability result in detail as follows Theorem 4.1 There exist
and
depending on the bounds of
,
given in (10) and the constant
given in (18), such that for any fixed
and
the viscosity-capillarity admissible phase transition (10) is uniformly stable, i.e. there is
such that the estimate
(37)
holds for all
and
.
4.1. The Space ![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\ca4d9208-4400-43ab-ab78-3dae1bf7002f.jpg)
For simplicity, we shall only consider the case
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\87154519-f61e-48f3-84fe-2ace3b7462d7.jpg)
and the other case
can be studied similarly.
Taking the Laplace-Fourier transform on the equation of (29) with
yields
(38)
where ![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\ff8fbf05-c96f-4617-a4f3-421784ab679e.jpg)
As in [15], if we introduce the transformation
(39)
then (38) is equivalent to
(40)
where
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\e826af09-a0d5-49b4-b607-ab2ac6c22ca6.jpg)
The eigenvalues of
with negative real part for
are
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f5f1f70b-d08a-432f-887b-f42613f32ef1.jpg)
of multiplicity 2 and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\12defb5d-c259-4db5-9bca-108b3719ceb2.jpg)
of multiplicity 1, where the
denotes the positive real part square root of a complex value. The corresponding eigenvectors are
(41)
(42)
and
(43)
respectively. The eigenvalue of
with a negative real part for
is
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\0559e7f2-ef1a-47e3-87c3-c1827f7dc71e.jpg)
and the corresponding eigenvector is
(44)
Remark 4.1 The above eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be continuously extended to the case
. With a little abuse of the notation
, we still use it to denote those extensions of square roots appearing in the case
.
As in [15], for these vectors, we have Proposition 4.2
are linearly independent for
and
except at
.
In the above cases, the following proposition help us to find the bases of
.
Proposition 4.3 1) If
and
, then
and the vectors (41), (44) together with the following eigenvectors
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f27bbb5d-9f36-4de8-bb76-d731cf11899a.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\8543c8f9-2ab1-4066-b8ff-74dff1a77572.jpg)
are linearly independent.
2) If
and
, then
and the vectors (41), (44) together with the following eigenvectors
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\0d777edd-ea1e-4813-9c62-1d1b8f42dda7.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\d8c9b6f1-251e-4e7e-883e-1787f5ea4959.jpg)
are linearly independent.
As in [15], in the critical case
, the bases of
is given by Proposition 4.4 If
and
, then
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\0a68fcd0-f438-4861-bb05-8319f9b991df.jpg)
and the corresponding eigenvectors
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\ac0dd3bd-2ee1-4941-8569-4f94453682cf.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\319cdf51-f34c-4523-9d5a-e700d4f20886.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f3acd2eb-7b64-4ae6-bed5-94ffc4f87428.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f4cc6ac8-dc49-4bd4-9ca8-f967081e4412.jpg)
are linearly independent.
Combining the above propositions, if we naturally expand the eigenvectors as
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\6601cc63-3386-47d3-8adf-53e63c7aee85.jpg)
then the bases of
are given for
and
.
4.2. Lopatinski Determinant
Now we can show the uniform stability of the phase transition.
Proof of Theorem 4.1. Taking the Laplace-Fourier transformation on the boundary condition in (29) with
, multiplying it with the invertible matrix
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\704431ed-d8e8-4789-8d7c-09d5f8380f7c.jpg)
with
and introducing the transformation (39), we get
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\b4a95740-8c75-4550-939e-f0eaed1f16ae.jpg)
where
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\4b71becc-80f9-4594-90ed-dca0b512d6d6.jpg)
with
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\32ee2cd2-8149-44d5-8ecd-2dd22a390a96.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\f160d9ec-46b9-4120-a2db-a31aeb31dc5c.jpg)
and
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\36473b13-10ce-4cfb-ab7b-2bc0fef787f3.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\3606886d-e581-48d5-9ada-e7e24e09ca68.jpg)
To achieve the result, we need to verify the determinant
(45)
being nonzero.
Noticing that the eigenvector
remains the same in all the cases mentioned in Section 4.1, the following simplification can be made to
,
(46)
where
is a bounded term depending on the bounds of
,
given in (10) and
given in (19),
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\9b5139cc-459e-4a8b-94cc-95b6814ee2ca.jpg)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\9084c1c4-ef07-4512-9a2a-495088a21e9d.jpg)
For sufficiently small
, the determinant
is nonzero as long as the determinant
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/1-7400374\5f9ea38a-9558-473d-a9e1-7eeefed5a543.jpg)
doesn’t vanish. Considering
, one can find that it is similar to the Lopatinski determinant for the corresponding problem in the isothermal case [7,9]. Noticing Proposition 4.2-4.4, we need to consider the following three cases:
1)
.
We obtain
(47)
where
(48)
and
(49)
Following [9], we claim that
is nonzero for sufficiently small
.
In fact, when
, if
, then we have
(50)
which implies
(51)
with
being the Mach numbers. From the subsonic property (12) of the phase transition, we have
. Due to
, we deduce that one should take the plus sign in (51), which is not the root of I obviously. Thus, I is always nonzero, which gives that there exist constants
, and
, such that for any
, we have
(52)
When
with
and
, we know that if
does not equal to the right hand side of (51) with the minus sign, then the inequality (52) holds for any
with sufficiently small
. If
satisfies (51) with the minus sign, then the term I vanishes. However, the imaginary part of the term II given in (49) is nonzero, which implies that for any fixed
, there is a constant
such that the inequality (52) holds as well.
Therefore, we can find
and
depending on
and
given in (10) and the constant
given in (18) such that
does not vanish for
and
.
2)
.
In this case, we get
(53)
which is nonzero for sufficiently small
and
.
3)
.
In this case, we have
(54)
which is also nonzero for sufficiently small
and
.
Therefore, combining the above arguments, we draw the conclusion of the Theorem 4.1.
NOTES
Project 11101076 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Supported by “The Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (11ZR1400200)”.