[1]
|
Fang, W., Fa, Z. and Liao, W. (2015) Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis in China. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 78, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.017
|
[2]
|
Takahara, D.T., Lázera, M.S., Wanke, B., Trilles, L., Dutra, V., Paula, D.A.J., Nakazato, L., Anzai, M.C., Leite-Jr., D.P., Paula, C.R. and Hahn, R.C. (2013) First Report on Cryptococcus neoformans in Pigeon Excreta from Public and Residential Locations in the Metropolitan Area of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 55, 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652013000600001
|
[3]
|
Baroni, F.A., Paula, C.R., Silva, E.G., Viani, F.C., Rivera, I.N., Oliveira, M.T. and Gambale, W. (2006) Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Isolated from Church Towers in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil. The Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 48, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652006000200003
|
[4]
|
Montenegro, H. and Paula, C.R. (2000) Environmental Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and C. neoformans var. neoformans in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. Medical Mycology, 38, 385-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.5.385.390
|
[5]
|
Kamari, A., Sepahvand, A. and Mohammadi, R. (2017) Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Cryptococcus Species Isolated from Pigeon Nests and Eucalyptus Trees. Current Medical Mycology, 3, 20-25. https://doi.org/10.29252/cmm.3.2.20
|
[6]
|
Kwon-Chung, K.J. and Bennett, J.E. (1984) Epidemiologic Differences between the Two Varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. American Journal of Epidemiology, 120, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861
|
[7]
|
Freij, J.B., Fu, M.S., De Leon Rodriguez, C.M., Dziedzic, A., Jedlicka, A.E., Dragotakes, Q., Rossi, D.C.P., Jung, E.H., Coelho, C. and Casadevall, A. (2018) Conservation of Intracellular Pathogenic Strategy among Distantly Related Cryptococcal Species. Infection and Immunity, 86, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00946-17
|
[8]
|
Cogliati, M., D’Amicis, R., Zani, A., Montagna, M.T., Caggiano, G., De Giglio, O., Balbino, S., De Donno, A., Serio, F., Susever, S., et al. (2016) Environmental Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean Basin. FEMS Yeast Research, 16, fow086.
|
[9]
|
Leite-Jr., D.P., Amadio, J.V.R.S., Martins, E.R., Simões, S.A.A., Yamamoto, A.C.A., Leal-Santos, F.A., Takahara, D.T. and Hahn, R.C. (2012) Cryptococcus spp Isolated from Dust Microhabitat in Brazilian Libraries. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 7, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-7-11
|
[10]
|
Kwon-Chung, K.J., Fraser, J.A., Doering, T.L., Wang, Z., Janbon, G., Idnurm, A. and Bahn, Y.S. (2014) Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 4, a019760. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019760
|
[11]
|
Meyer, W. and Mitchell, T.G. (1995) Polymerase Chain Reaction Fingerprinting in Fungi Using Single Primers Specific to Minisatellites and Simple Repetitive DNA Sequences: Strain Variation in Cryptococcus neoformans. Electrophoresis, 16, 1648-1656. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601273
|
[12]
|
Meyer, W., Castañeda, A., Jackson, S., Huynh, M., Castañeda, E. and Group ICS (2003) Molecular Typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0902.020246
|
[13]
|
D’Souza, C.A., Kronstad, J.W., Taylor, G., Warren, R., Yuen, M., Hu, G., Jung, W.H., Sham, A., Kidd, S.E., Tangen, K., et al. (2011) Genome Variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an Emerging Pathogen of Immunocompetent Hosts. mBio, 2, e00342. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00342-10
|
[14]
|
Hagen, F., Khayhan, K., Theelen, B., Kolecka, A., Polacheck, I., Sionov, E., Falk, R., Parnmen, S., Lumbsch, H.T. and Boekhout, T. (2015) Recognition of Seven Species in the Cryptococcus Gattii/Cryptococcus Neoformans Species Complex. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 78, 16-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009
|
[15]
|
Hurst, S., Lyusen, C., Cooksey, G., Vugia, D.J., Litvinteseva, A.P. and Lockhart, S.R. (2019) Molecular Typing of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex from Southern California, United States. Mycoses, 62, 1029-1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12980
|
[16]
|
Li, Y.H. and Liu, T.B. (2020) Zinc Finger Proteins in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. International Journal Molecular Sciences, 21, E1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041361
|
[17]
|
Sherrington, S.L., Kumwenda, P., Kousser, C. and Hall, R.A. (2018) Host Sensing by Pathogenic Fungi. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 102, 159-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.10.004
|
[18]
|
Casadevall, A. and Pirofski, L.A. (2007) Accidental Virulence, Cryptic Pathogenesis, Martians, Lost Hosts, and the Pathogenicity of Environmental Microbes. Eukaryotic Cell, 6, 2169-2174. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00308-07
|
[19]
|
Wang, Z.A., Li, L.X. and Doering, T.L. (2018) Unraveling Synthesis of the Cryptococcal Cell Wall and Capsule. Glycobiology, 28, 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwy030
|
[20]
|
Nosanchuk, J.D., Stark, R.E. and Casadevall, A. (2015) Fungal Melanin: What Do We Know about Structure? Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1463. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01463
|
[21]
|
Ronne-Engström, E., Cesarini, K.G., Enblad, P., Hesselager, G., Marklund, N., Nilsson, P., Salci, K., Persson, L. and Hillered, L. (2001) Intracerebral Microdialysis in Neurointensive Care: The Use of Urea as an Endogenous Reference Compound. Journal of Neurosurgery, 94, 397-402. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.3.0397
|
[22]
|
Ruane, P.J., Walker, L.J. and George, W.L. (1988) Disseminated Infection Caused by Urease-Negative Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26, 2224-2225. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.26.10.2224-2225.1988
|
[23]
|
Olszewski, M.A., Noverr, M.C., Chen, G.H., Toews, G.B., Cox, G.M., Perfect, J.R. and Huffnagle, G.B. (2004) Urease Expression by Cryptococcus neoformans Promotes Microvascular Sequestration, Thereby Enhancing Central Nervous System Invasion. The American Journal of Pathology, 164, 1761-1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63734-0
|
[24]
|
Pini, G., Faggi, E. and Campisi, E. (2017) Enzymatic Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Isolated in Italy. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 34, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2016.04.005
|
[25]
|
Lev, S., Desmarini, D., Li, C., Chayakulkeeree, M., Traven, A., Sorrell, T.C. and Djordjevic, J.T. (2013) Phospholipase C of Cryptococcus neoformans Regulates Homeostasis and Virulence by Providing Inositol Trisphosphate as a Substrate for Arg1 Kinase. Infection and Immunity, 81, 1245-1255. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01421-12
|
[26]
|
Cardoso, P.H.M., Silva, B.C.M., Santos, J.I., Santos, R.L.O., Leite-Jr., D.P., Auler, M.E., Ruiz, L.S., Silva, E.G., Moreira, D., Domaneschi, C., Baroni, F.A., Melhem, M.S.C., Martins, M.A. and Paula, C.R. (2018) Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii Complex Maintained in Yeast Culture Collection in São Paulo, Brazil. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 8, 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2018.82007
|
[27]
|
Tone, T., Umeda, Y. and Makimura, K. (2016) Cross-Reactivity in Cryptococcus Antigen Latex Agglutination Test in Two Commercial Kits. Medical Mycology, 54, 439-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myv115
|
[28]
|
Khodadadi, H., Karimi, L., Jalalizand, N., Adin, H. and Mirhendi, H. (2017) Utilization of Size Polymorphism in ITS1 and ITS2 Regions for Identification of Pathogenic Yeast Species. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 66, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000426
|
[29]
|
Escandón, P., de Bedout, C., Lizarazo, J., Agudelo, C.I., Tobón, A., Bello, S., Restrepo, A. and Casta
ñeda, E. (2012) Criptococosis GCpeEdl. Cryptococcosis in Colombia: Results of the National Surveillance Program for the Years 2006-2010. Biomedica, 32, 386-398. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i3.707
|
[30]
|
Rodríguez-Cerdeira, C., Arenas, R., Moreno-Coutiño, G., Vásquez, E., Fernández, R. and Chang, P. (2014) Systemic Fungal Infections in Patients with Human Inmunodeficiency Virus. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 1, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2012.06.032
|
[31]
|
Baddley, J.W., Forrest, G.N. and the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice (2013) Cryptococcosis in Solid Organ Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 13, 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12116
|
[32]
|
Rajasingham, R., Smith, R.M., Park, B.J., Jarvis, J.N., Govender, N.P., Chiller, T.M., Denning, D.W., Loyse, A. and Boulware, D.R. (2017) Global Burden of Disease of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: An Updated Analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17, 873-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30243-8
|
[33]
|
Brizendine, K.D., Baddley, J.W. and Pappas, P.G. (2011) Pulmonary Cryptococcosis. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 32, 727-734. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295720
|
[34]
|
Valente, E.S., Lazzarin, M.C., Koech, B.L., da Rosa, R.V., de Almeida, R., de Oliveira, U.L., Neugebauer, M.G. and Sacco, A.G. (2015) Disseminated Cryptococcosis Presenting as Cutaneous Cellulitis in an Adolescent with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Infectious Disease Reports, 7, 5743. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2015.5743
|
[35]
|
Shimoda, Y., Ohtomo, S., Arai, H., Ohtoh, T. and Tominaga, T. (2017) Subarachnoid Small Vein Occlusion Due to Inflammatory Fibrosis: A Possible Mechanism for Cerebellar Infarction in Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report. BMC Neurology, 17, 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-017-0934-y
|
[36]
|
Silva, E.G., Baroni, F.D., Viani, F.C., Ruiz, L.D., Gandra, R.F., Auler, M.E., Dias, A.L.T., Gambale, W. and Paula, C.R. (2006) Virulence Profile of Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Evaluated by Experimental Infection in BALB/c Mice and Correlation with Exoenzyme Activity. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55, 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46206-0
|
[37]
|
Zaragoza, O., Alvarez, M., Telzak, A., Rivera, J. and Casadevall, A. (2007) The Relative Susceptibility of Mouse Strains to Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection Is Associated with Pleiotropic Differences in the Immune Response. Infection and Immunity, 75, 2729-2739. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00094-07
|
[38]
|
Mylonakis, E., Ausubel, F.M., Perfect, J.R., Heitman, J. and Calderwood, S.B. (2002) Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a Model of Yeast Pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 15675-15680. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232568599
|
[39]
|
Apidianakis, Y., Rahme, L.G., Heitman, J., Ausubel, F.M., Calderwood, S.B. and Mylonakis, E. (2004) Challenge of Drosophila melanogaster with Cryptococcus neoformans and Role of the Innate Immune Response. Eukaryotic Cell, 3, 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.3.2.413-419.2004
|
[40]
|
Mylonakis, E., Moreno, R., El Khoury, J.B., Idnurm, A., Heitman, J., Calderwood, S.B., Ausubel, F.M. and Diener, A. (2005) Galleria mellonella as a Model System to Study Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis. Infection and Immunity, 73, 3842-3850. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.7.3842-3850.2005
|
[41]
|
Matsumoto, Y., Miyazaki, S., Fukunaga, D.H., Shimizu, K., Kawamoto, S. and Sekimizu, K. (2012) Quantitative Evaluation of Cryptococcal Pathogenesis and Antifungal Drugs Using a Silkworm Infection Model with Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112, 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05186.x
|
[42]
|
Torda, A., Kumar, R.K. and Jones, P.D. (2001) The Pathology of Human and Murine Pulmonary Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Pathology, 33, 475-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313020120083197
|
[43]
|
Cheng, P.Y., Sham, A. and Kronstad, J.W. (2009) Cryptococcus gattii Isolates from the British Columbia Cryptococcosis Outbreak Induce Less Protective Inflammation in a Murine Model of Infection than Cryptococcus neoformans. Infection and Immunity, 77, 4284-4294. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00628-09
|
[44]
|
Silva, E.G., Paula, C.R., Baroni, F.A. and Gambale, W. (2012) Voriconazole, Combined with Amphotericin B, in the Treatment for Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Caused by C. neoformans (Serotype A) in Mice with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Mycopathologia, 173, 445-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9499-2
|
[45]
|
Silva, E.G., Silva, M.S., Paula, C.R. and Ruiz, L.S. (2016) Effect of GXM (Glucuronoxylomannan) on the Inflammatory Response in Lung Infection Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Serotype A) in Immunodeficient Murine Model (BALB/c-SCID). Journal of Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis, 5, 4-6.
|
[46]
|
Silva, E.G., Silva, M.S., Paula, C.R., Ruiz, L.S. and Dias, A.L.T. (2018) Modulatory Effect of Voriconazole on the Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Experimental Cryptococcosis in Mice with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 28, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.11.008
|
[47]
|
Casadevall, A., Coelho, C. and Alanio, A. (2018) Mechanisms of Cryptococcus neoformans-Mediated Host Damage. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 855. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00855
|
[48]
|
Feldmesser, M., Kress, Y., Novikoff, P. and Casadevall, A. (2000) Cryptococcus neoformans Is a Facultative Intracellular Pathogen in Murine Pulmonary Infection. Infection and Immunity, 68, 4225-4237. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.7.4225-4237.2000
|
[49]
|
Snelgrove, R.J., Edwards, L., Williams, A.E., Rae, A.J. and Hussell, T. (2006) In the Absence of Reactive Oxygen Species, T Cells Default to a Th1 Phenotype and Mediate Protection against Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection. The Journal of Immunology, 177, 5509-5516. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5509
|
[50]
|
Charlier, C., Nielsen, K., Daou, S., Brigitte, M., Chretien, F. and Dromer, F. (2009) Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infection and Immunity, 77, 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01065-08
|
[51]
|
Sorrell, T.C., Juillard, P.G., Djordjevic, J.T., Kaufman-Francis, K., Dietmann, A., Milonig, A., Combes, V. and Grau, G.E. (2016) Cryptococcal Transmigration across a Model Brain Blood-Barrier: Evidence of the Trojan Horse Mechanism and Differences between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Strain H99 and Cryptococcus gattii Strain R265. Microbes and Infection, 18, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.017
|
[52]
|
Sabiiti, W., Robertson, E., Beale, M.A., Johnston, S.A., Brouwer, A.E., Loyse, A., Jarvis, J.N., Gilbert, A.S., Fisher, M.C., Harrison, T.S., May, R.B. and Bicanic, T. (2014) Efficient Phagocytosis and Laccase Activity Affect the Outcome of HIV-Associated Cryptococcosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124, 2000-2008. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72950
|
[53]
|
Koguchi, Y. and Kawakami, K. (2002) Cryptococcal Infection and Th1-Th2 Cytokine Balance. International Reviews of Immunology, 21, 423-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830180213274
|
[54]
|
Arora, S., Olszewski, M.A., Tsang, T.M., McDonald, R.A., Toews, G.B. and Huffnagle, G.B. (2011) Effect of Cytokine Interplay on Macrophage Polarization during Chronic Pulmonary Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Infection and Immunity, 5, 1915-1926. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01270-10
|
[55]
|
Stevens, T.L., Bossie, A., Sanders, V.M., Fernandez-Botran, R., Coffman, R.L., Mosmann, T.R. and Vitetta, E.S. (1988) Regulation of Antibody Isotype Secretion by Subsets of Antigen-Specific Helper T Cells. Nature, 334, 255-258. https://doi.org/10.1038/334255a0
|
[56]
|
Guery, J.C., Galbiati, F., Smiroldo, S. and Adorini, L. (1996) Selective Development of T Helper (Th)2 Cells Induced by Continuous Administration of Low Dose Soluble Proteins to Normal and Beta(2)-Microglobulin-Deficient BALB/c Mice. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 183, 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.2.485
|
[57]
|
Smith, K.D., Achan, B., Hullsiek, K.H., McDonald, T.R., Okagaki, L.H., Alhadab, A.A., Akampurira, A., Rhein, J.R., Meya, D.B., Boulware, D.R., Nielsen, K. and ASTRO-CM/COAT Team (2015) Increased Antifungal Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59, 7197-7204. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01299-15
|
[58]
|
Kneale, M., Bartholomew, J.S., Davies, E. and Denning, D.W. (2016) Global Access to Antifungal Therapy and Its Variable Cost. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 71, 3599-3606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw325
|
[59]
|
Khan, A.A., Alanazi, A.M., Jabeen, M., Khan, S. and Malik, A. (2018) Additive Potential of Combination Therapy against Cryptococcosis Employing a Novel Amphotericin B and Fluconazole Loaded Dual Delivery System. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 119, 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.015
|
[60]
|
Perfect, J.R., Dismukes, W.E., Dromer, F., Goldman, D.L., Graybill, J.R., Hamill, R.J., Harrison, T.S., Larsen, R.A., Lortholary, O., Nguyen, M.H., Pappas, P.G., Powderly, W.G., Singh, N., Sobel, J.D. and Sorrell, T.C. (2010) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50, 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1086/649858
|