Heat Flux Analysis in Electrical Transformers through Integral Operators of Mechanics ()
1. Introduction
Power transformers are devices which are used to convert the electrical energy from a high voltage level to a lower voltage level that can be distributed among domestic and industrial users. These levels vary in the 13 to 34.5 kV high level voltage to 220 to 480 V lower level voltage [1] .
Nowadays various power transformers designs can be found in the industry which can be differentiated on the basis of the inclusion of new core materials or the type of cooling system. In this respect, manufacturers continue to analyze the thermal design of the cooling ducts for the assembly of windings-core as well as the cooling efficiency of the radiators of the transformer. A characteristic transformer geometry is depicted in Figure 1.
IEEE standards [2] do not mention calculation of detailed oil temperature distributions neither the best fan arrangements in order to achieve the highest thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, the cited IEEE standards [2] do mention how to calculate the oil temperature rises and winding temperature rises using empirical formulas. Some transformer manufacturers refer to methods of calculation which are based on the fundamental theory of heat transfer in order to calculate the oil and winding temperature rises. Recently, researchers [3] have focused on the detailed calculation of oil and windings temperature distributions of the transformer. This method is aimed to determine the maximum windings temperature (hot spot). Then, researchers have taken different ways of calculation of the detailed oil and windings temperatures such as concentrated parameters, thermal-hydraulic net, numerical and analytical techniques [4] -[8] .
From this outset, it can be deduced that the detailed thermal calculation of electric transformers is required and herein the computational thermal model as well as the functional analysis based on the energy optimization of the transformer is used to obtain the detailed oil and winding temperatures.
2. Functional Analysis
The functional analysis is based on the solution of a fundamental equation derived from fundamental theory
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Transformer winding. (a) Side view; (b) Top view.
which is composed of a defined integral over the space and values in. This equation is a first order integral equation which propose solutions for the transformer through cylindrical functions that model more precisely the cooling effects that are considered [9] [10] .
The referred cylindrical functions are Bessel type, first order. The proposed model will embody harmonic regular solutions defined in a finite interval, which is an immediate consequence of the use of an integral transform method, which is applicable to a decreasing function defined in the cylindrical radius. Regularity of obtained solutions and the spectral analysis of the points of continuous perturbation (heating points of the transformer core or temperature singular points) are considered through the integral transform such as the Hilbert transform, obtaining the real and imaginary parts of the impedance of the load of the transformer core, which is partly responsible of the heating.
It is worth to mention that bay using perturbation theory, the perturbation space has an spectrum in a w-space of hyperbolic type, being necessary the asymptotic developments of the matrix coefficients for the functional equation that models our phenomena in the approach and analysis of the phenomena which in turn determine the ergodicity for the complete set of parameters which are necessary for a precise analysis of the heat flux and representatively in heat control instruments that measure energies in [10] .
On the other hand, identification of the heating points within the physical interior space of the transformer is important for the location of the heating source and its likely cause, being applicable a vector tomography of the core and windings, obtaining in this way an exact image of the heat flux, the velocity currents of cooling and the geometry of the temperature states in the inner core and windings.
Nevertheless, within the electromagnetic design of a transformer, it is evident that locating and identifying those heating points, as well as the heat distribution in the inner core and windings is necessary in the redesign of the cooling systems which have to be applied to the precisely located heating zones.
3. Integral Transform of Heat Transfer in Electrical Transformers
Considering Maxwell equations, in reference to the existence of magnetic flux parallel to boundary [11],
(1)
These are equivalent to Laplace equations with magnetic flux Then performing a cylindrical transformation of Laplacian, yields
(2)
magnetic potential (it is the component of potential of the magnetic vector at the boundary) under the boundary conditions:
(3)
Referring to Equation (1), is the magnetic potential of the transformer cylindrical core, as it is shown in Figure 1. Real geometry of transformer is shown in Figure 2. If we consider temperature as function Then function must be a function stemming from spectral transform of on a symmetric space. The core that is analyzed is symmetrical due to the fact that is a straight circular cylinder composed of disks of radius and height Then, temperature takes the form as a direct Hankel transform of magnetic flux:
(4)
such that we apply the Hankel transform to the Laplace equation, yielding:
(5)
Solutions of this differential equation are:
(6)
Figure 2. Core ground and their high voltage conductors.
where, and, are functions that will be determined by using the proposed boundary conditions. These surfaces contain the heat flow emanation curves which come from the core and windings heating which in turn come from the electromagnetic process of the electrical transformer.
Reformulating our boundary conditions for the temperature function we have that in yields (conditions corresponding to the vector spectrum, (horizontal tangent spectrum)):
(7)
and the corresponding conditions in are (conditions corresponding to vector spectrum):
(8)
Using boundary conditions (7), in solutions given in (6), yields:
(9)
Performing similarly for boundary conditions in (7), yields
(10)
Finally and applying Inverse Hankel transform to the superposition of solutions proposed for the geometry of space interactions (tangent vector spectrum) yields:
(11)
The tangent vector spectrum is derived from the pre-defined boundary conditions by the derivatives:
(12)
From which differential Equation (5) is obtained, for any segment, yields
(13)
then
(14)
which demonstrate the consistency of our procedure over any segment, in the semi-infinite straight line.
4. Specific Generation of Heat in Winding and Analytical Solution of Heat Transfer Equation
The geometry considered for the transformer is the one for a three phase power transformer of 30 MVA capacity which is simplified to a two dimension cylindrical winding model which in turn is composed of high and low voltage windings and a central portion of core. Such geometry is shown in Figure 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) Heat measure per unit of sectional conductor; (b) Total contribution of the generated heat for all electrical conductors.
It is being considered a simplified geometry of the core of the transformer with an inner ring of radius and an outer ring of the core of radius and it was generated the heat over a section of length of one winding.
The abovementioned winding has a generation of heat coming from the high and low voltage windings. It is not considered the heat produced by the core. For the analysis it was determined that the cylindrical coordinates heat transfer equation would be considered:
(15)
The solution of the equation shown is performed considering the boundary conditions (8):
(16)
(17)
the solution of (15) is given by (11).
As a special case it is considered heat conduction through our cylinder under a heat rate given by The analytical solution in this case is:
(18)
where, is the Bessel function of order which is used in fundamental solutions of the integral transform method proposed in this section.
If is the temperature in one of the windings, of the transformer core, within the conductor over time, of a section of the conductor length, (temperature along the line (m), (see Figure 5) con- sidering the high voltage winding (which is the tangent vector spectrum mentioned earlier). For a sec- tion of the transformer , it is given by the integral operator in the previously mentioned line of the transformer [12] :
(19)
The integral transform is being deduced from the Green function as a core of an integral transform better known as Green transform [9] , within the chosen winding. The corresponding functions are spectral functions of heat and the integral (19), is the Green operator which determines the temperature distribution in points of the conductor (see Figure 2, Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b), Figures 4-6).
5. Computational Model for Integral Transforms of Thermo-Magnetism
Considering ideally the horizontal problem [13] [14] , in other words, over the horizontal outward appearance, of the outward appearance of the magnetic field bundle, that heats the core of the transformer. Then over the cylindrical conducting surface of the field, emanates the magnetic field, as it has been established in the previous section.
Describing this problem through the integral equation:
(20)
where, is the kernel given by the Hankel functions
Figure 4. Potential surface of temperature.
Figure 5. Heat flow generated by one conductor section. The Bessel function is: J = besselh (0, 2, x + i*y).
Figure 6. Irradiated heat diffusion curve for winding x.
where, is the frequency, , is the intensity of the magnetic field, , is an exponent equal to [1], , represents a coefficient equal to [1], , is the
parametric representation of a smooth contour, being generated from the surface (curves of temperature, Figure 7), , the external field over a surface, , the density of electric current such
that and, the complex Hankel functions:, the wave number of the Bessel
function, , the corresponding Bessel function of order zero, with, and finally, the Neuman function containing in a zero a logarithmic singularity:
From the complex integral Equation (20), we pass to a system of real equations, assuming:
(21)
(22)
(23)
Approaching the functions, and, localized in a reticule defined by functions which can be defined through the formulas:
(24)
(25)
(26)
The indeterminate coefficients, and, in the representations Equations (24)-(26), help define a method of locating the, over which the numerical development will be performed. Then Equations (21)-(23) can be written in a matrix form, considering, two-dimensional spaces of vector functions with a scalar product, with, and for
, space, is, for, is, as it was considered in the introduction
of this work. Then the system of Equations (21)-(23), can be represented in a finite form by means of the vector equation:
(27)
where the components of the vector equations are:
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
The operator, is positive in and the operator, has the property in. It means that it fulfils the properties of metrics and measure in.
In the continuum media of high viscosity such as the oil used inside of the transformer, the heat that from the magnetic field is comported and shaped by the magnetic lines which are closed [2] [5] . This shapes a solid of certain symmetries consigned from the symmetry of magnetic field (see the Figure 8, [15] -[17] ).
6. Distribution of Temperature According to the Variation of Output
Let’s consider an alternative solution to the heat equation for the high-low voltage of a power transformer according to the variation of response to a variation in voltage as input to the power system. After, we will obtain a model of thermal diffusion derived from the inverted energy by the winding to move the potential in the two voltages ranges, the high voltage range 13 - 34.5 kV and the low voltage range 220 - 480 V as was described in the introduction.
Considering the diffusion of heat bay means of the energy equation applied to the heat generation:
(33)
This problem will be addressed later in future work following the solution given [2] , where temperature only varies with coordinate, and, in cylindrical coordinates:
Figure 8. 3-D Thermal model of oil flow and their evolution inside the transformer core. The MathLab routine is given by multi-physics design ande modeling using the conditions: yy = yy.*cos(order*phi); order = max(max(abs(yy))); rho = 5 + 2 *yy/order; r = rho. *sin(theta); x = r. *cos(phi); y = r. *sin(phi); z = rho.*cos(theta); clf >> surf(x,y,z).
(34)
Taking the Hankel transform of the first term:
(35)
Evaluating the last term of the above equation:
(36)
Then
(37)
Considering the boundary conditions:
(38)
From which:
(39)
and
(40)
Then:
(41)
Then expanding the first and second term, we have:
(42)
and considering
(43)
For the second term of the differential equation we have
(44)
Using (43) and (44), we have
Applying the finite Fourier transform we found:
(45)
Again, expanding the first two terms:
Considering the boundary conditions:
(46)
And
(47)
Then
(48)
Now substituting
(49)
The third term is:
Then:
(50)
Applying the Fourier transform to the rest of the differential equation and including the results previously obtained:
(51)
which yields
(52)
or
(53)
where
(54)
7. Results
In this study the following physical considerations were considered while developing the numerical simulations. Taking into account these real parameters the thermal model is completely simulated as a system, following the technical specifications being considered in the electrical industry [2] -[6] [11] -[14] .
Data considered for the analysis were given by the Table 1.
In the case of a distribution transformer a symmetrical section was considered along the vertical axis of the transformer, according to the geometrical dimensions and shape of the assembly windings-core. The average conductivity of the windings-core was 8.94 W/m・˚C.
In reference to Figure 9, the reduction in oil temperature is observed in the lower part of the transformer. This is due to the cooling effect that is taking place in the radiator. The simulation was performed using FLUENT™ [3] [13] .
In reference to the numerical results for the power transformer model of 30 MVA, the corresponding data for a disk are shown in Table 2.
According to the data shown on Table 2 a solution was obtained by using Matlab (see the Figure 10).
Figure 9. Temperature distribution due to the heat generation coming from windings-core.
(a) (b)
Table 1. Transformer and cooling media data.
Figure 10. Winding temperature distribution, Tamb = 30˚C, Re = 750, ht = 0.08 W/m2 ˚C, hb = 0.03 W/m2・˚C. The red top of the surface corresponds to the temperature that provokes the 2-surface using to the model in this direction.
Then a numerical simulation using Comsol was performed in an air cooled transformer. The experiment includes a transient simulation of the electromagnetic effect created by the B-H curve for the core which produces the electrical and magnetic distribution. Data for the simulation is shown in Table 3. The resulting electrical currents are shown in Figure 11.
We realize the analysis of some functions that are characteristics of the thermal-magnetic behavior (see Figure 12(a) and Figure 12(b), Table 3 and Table 4):
Table 3. Data on electrical design characteristics of the transformer for the simulation.
The corresponding energy equation considered for the analysis was:
(55)
The geometry used as well as the corresponding surface magnetic flux density and air flow distribution is shown in Figures 13-15.
Considering the solution presented in Section 4, additional results are presented (see the Figure 16(a) and Figure 16(b)):
To obtain the idealized states of winding temperature distributions showed in the Figure 16(a) and Figure 16(b), is necessary that let designed an distribution of heat on the geometrical entire of the transformer core obeyed the cylindrical geometry and heat source produced inside the transformer core. Very of this heat is produced in the centre the core and generated by the winding through the contribution of each conductor line around of nucleus. The contribution of the magnetic field (which produced heat) in this idealized case can be given by our Hankel transform as shows the Figure 17. The cooling is idealized with the optimal cooling system, can be applied to the quantity, of the Equation (55).
Conjecture. (F. Bulnes-A. Tello). The degeneration of the hyperbolic space of heat flow inside the transformer (perturbation singular space) must be to an elliptic space with one finite singularity bounded by the Fourier coefficients given in (53) (see the Figure 18).
The elliptic space is more stable than the hyperbolic space. Their solutions can be approximated by harmonics terms that fluctuate inside the amplitudes space to Fourier series (see Figure 19). The hyperbolicity of the heat
flow space, as is said, depends of the magnetic field and their potentials. Then we want become this hyperbolicity in an elliptic behavior of our electromagnetic solutions to derive an elliptic behavior in our magnetic field solutions and we obtain stability (uniformity of heat increasing and bound to this heat) (see the Figure 20 and Figure 21).
(a) (b)
Figure 16. Idealized winding temperature distributions shaped by the specific heat and heating capacity to constant pressure curve (see the Figure 12(a) and Figure 12(c)).
Figure 17. Idealized cooling of the transformer nucleus.
(a) (b)
Figure 18. Hyperbolic and elliptic heat flow behavior.
8. Conclusions
The development of solution to the conduction heat equation represents a physical phenomenon that includes natural convection of a fluid in power transformers. Several approaches were presented including analytical using the Hankel transform and numerical schemes.
The numerical solutions using Fluent were presented as well as Comsol Multiphysics. In the first case of the analytical solution a 30 MVA ONAN power transformer was considered. For the numerical solutions an air cooled
Figure 19. Thermo magnetic wave from the heat term, inside analytic solution of temperature obtained in (11). The corresponding pulse is the image in the dual space in the ω-space mentioned in the introduction. This spectral image is obtained in the screen of an analogical oscilloscope. Observe that the decreasing of the initial magnetic heat signal is corresponded to the red extreme of the surface. This simulation is presented with magnetic signals that induce certain currents registered in an analogical oscilloscope.
e-transformer was simulated having a one turn relation and a resistance connected to the primary and secondary sides and air convection. Also, the thermal simulation of a distribution transformer was presented.
According to the graphs shown it is interesting to note that several data which are quite helpful to the designer are obtained. The effects of different thermal parameters are shown and a maximum winding temperature is observed. IEEE standard [2] presents a way of calculating the maximum winding temperature based on a methodology. This standard does not include the location of the hot spot. This hot spot can be located based on the numerical and analytical approaches. Other authors have developed similar solutions of the heat conduction equation regarding location of hot spot and their numerical value. Values and location of hot spot encountered by these authors are dependent on the type of method of solution and vary according to the construction of the
(a) (b)
Figure 21. (a) Global: current in secondary winding; (b) Global: current in primary winding.
transformer. Results there shown are in concordance to the ones found in this work in respect to the approaches used in this work to obtain the maximum winding temperature.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank the encouragement given by Technological Institute of High Studies of Chalco, for development of these works and financial support.
Appendix A
Theorem (F. Bulnes, A. Tello) A. 1. From a point of view of heat transfer an electrical transformer is a box such that their heat flow can be parameterized by the vector bundle, where, in our heat transfer problem is a differential operator of the heat characteristics and, is a heat control given by the cooling systems. Their heat transfer model is given by, where is described by the functions and,
Proof. Let, be a manifold of the points 1. If, is a box where exists a transformation of a physical intensity property (as voltage) and thermo-dynamical potentials (in this case magnetic potentials) then as closed ambit satisfies the equilibrium energy principle2.
(A.1)
where the state manifold, and we have identified the energy variation in their hori-
zontal spaces (as elements corresponding horizontal bundle), to know
(A.2)
where, and, where furthermore to the tangent spaces is had that
(A.3)
Then the manifold, is the given for the space (Figure 7(a)), to points where by the thermo-dynamical equilibrium established by (A.1) and to each intensive property that is wanted to measure (as
the heat flow) we have a smooth map 3, such that their pullback, on is:
(A.4)
where the 1-form is the element of the proper vector bundle of the transformer. From (A.4) and considering many conditions of geometrical symmetry and nature of our potentials we have
(A.5)
1Thermo-dynamical manifold of points where is an arbitrary thermodynamic potential (that to our research have origin magnetic, that is to say, vector magnetic potentials), , , are the extensive variables (system coordinates), and, the intensive variables heat flow, heat energy, etc.).
2By the conservation of energy for a closed system as (a totally isolated thermodynamic system).
3These maps characterize this sub-manifold with Riemannian structure. The idea of the smooth map, is to obtain a measurement of the heat flow through intensive properties, and potentials. Here the extensive properties are considered constants.
4Hankel functions with the functional integral expressions:.
which have spectral solutions given by (4), where explicitly their solutions are functions, of the form (6).
By (4) the unique functions that shape the horizontal bundles are created to start of the magnetic field. But these come from of the geometry of the core of transformer. These functions are 4. The functions, and, given in the solution (6) satisfy the functional relations on a compact space,
(A.6)
(A.7)
which in particular are the spherical functions 5.
These functions are radial and shape the vertical bundles in the z-direction. Then the smooth map, degenerates in a homomorphism which implies that, is identified with the direct product. Then the grid is shaped to the geometrical model of points (Section 5).
But the Equation (60) can be write through the temperature measured by the, with the corresponding media thermal conductivity factor, that
Using (A.6) (A.7) and the modeling given by the Section 5, we have to all bundle, the functional integrals (22) and (23), that solve the heat flow modeling given by
An approximation in their extending to a Hilbert space, where, is a measure of the heat through the magnetic field is the function, (calculated in (22)) and6 used for trace to (53) and whose spectra is the operator, on (space) which has rank; more precisely, for each, we have
(A.8)
where, and the trace of this operator is given by
(A.9)
where, is the inverse Fourier transform and is the spectra of.
The demonstration of (A.9) can be obtained using the fact that (53) haves the form
(A.10)
where are the coefficients (amplitudes) calculated, having (Figure 20 and Figure 21):
(A.11)
which proves (A.8). Then their trace is the temperature, and the formula (A.9) is justified as the general solution obtained in (11) to the heat transfer model (Figure 3 and Figure 20).
Here the extension, the operator, is the map 7, defined as spectral representation of.
Technical Notation
5Consider the spherical function:, where, (with, a compact subgroup of) and, is a commutative normal closed subgroup of, unimodular group. Then the spherical function, can be identified with the continuous function on the interval, defined by the formula:. In particular, if, and, the function, is the Bessel function.
6
7.
: Temperature distribution. In many cases comes given as temperature distribution surface when are considered two parameters. Also is considered as function to apply the functional transforms used in this research. But is more than function.
: Generation heat factor considered in the elliptic model of heat flow output.
: Bessel function of order 0, of characteristic thermal-magnetic flow considered in the thermo- magnetism finite model. Also is a spherical function that explains the behavior of heat flow provokes by the magnetic field.
: An linear operator algebra. In this research are integral operators whose kernels are spherical functions in some cases and cylindrical functions in other cases.
: The Hankel function. It is obtained as the direct Hankel transform.
: The inverse Hankel transform.
: Magnetic potential. This is a function of class.
: Electrical transformer. This can be viewed as the differential operator
: Newman function. This appears as the imaginary part of Bessel complex function.
: Spectral space.
: Magnetic potential function in cylindrical coordinates.
: Potential curves in one direction.
: Space of square integrable function on the segment. In our research the segment can be arbitrary [9] .
: Space of square integrable measures. These measure are field observable as energies used to analyze the behavior of heat transfer of the electrical transform.
: Vector bundle of magnetic flow density.
: The wave number of the Bessel function,
: Reticular functions used in computational models of heat flow corresponding to the magnetic potentials
: Kernel of integral transforms.
: First Hankel transform of the temperature function considering the periodic functions.
: Complex Hankel function.
Homogeneous space of measures and pre-observables of heat due magnetic field.
: Vector bundle of lines that parameterizes the heat flow to representation in heat flow model.
: Space to the thermal-magnetism signals.
: Space of measures on the classes of homogeneous space, that are absolutely integrables.
: Space of points that act to shape the 2-dimensional surface. This space is inherent of the vector magnetic field actions and each point is, (with, a compact subgroup of) and, is a commutative normal closed subgroup of, unimodular group.
: Spectral space of spherical functions of Bessel functions.