1. Introduction
Consider the following one element n-degree polynomial differential equation:
(1.1)
here,
are ω-periodic continuous real functions on R.
When
, Equation (1.1) is a linear periodic differential equation, if
, then Equation (1.1) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution (see [1] ).
When
, Equation (1.1) is Riccati’s equation, Riccati’s equation plays an important role in fluid mechanics and the theory of elastic vibration, there are many studies on this equation [2] - [7]. In [2], the author considered the nonlinear Riccati type first-order differential equation as follows:
(1.2)
by the fixed point theory, the existence of two periodic continuous solutions of Riccati type Equation (1.2) was obtained, and the ranges of the size of the two periodic continuous solutions of Equation (1.2) were also given. One is positive, another is negative, they are symmetrical about
, we can see below for details:
Proposition 1.1 (see [2] ) Consider Equation (1.2),
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, suppose that the following condition holds:
(H1)
then Equation (1.2) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
,
, and
When
, there are also many studies on the existence of periodic solutions of Equation (1.1) (see [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] ).
So we wonder if there is a similar conclusion when n is a large positive integer?
In this paper, we are devoted to generalize Equation (1.2) to the n-th power of x and find the sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions of the new equation, that is, we consider a special kind of polynomial differential Equation (1.1) as follows:
(1.3)
Equation (1.3) contains only an n-th power of x and a term unrelated to x, we get some similar results as Proposition 1.1 about the existence of the periodic solutions of Equation (1.3), these conclusions generalize the relevant conclusions of paper [1] and paper [2].
The rest of the paper is arranged as follows: In Section 2, some lemmas and abbreviations are introduced to be used later; In Section 3 and Section 4, the existence of periodic solutions on Equation (1.3) is obtained; In Section 5, we extend the results of Section 3 and Section 4; we end this paper with a short conclusion.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we give some definitions, lemmas and abbreviations which will be used later.
Definition 2.1 (see [13] ) Suppose
is an ω-periodic continuous function on R, then
(2.1)
must exist,
is called the Fourier coefficient of
, the λ such that
is called the Fourier index of
; there is a countable set
, when
,
, as long as
, there must be
,
is called the exponential set of
.
Definition 2.2 (see [13] ) A set of real numbers composed of linear combinations of integer coefficients of elements in
is called a module or a frequency module of
, which is denoted as
, that is
(2.2)
Lemma 2.1 (see [1] ) Consider the following equation:
(2.3)
where
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, if
, then Equation (2.3) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
,
, and
can be written as follows:
(2.4)
Lemma 2.2 (see [13] ) Suppose that an ω-periodic sequence
is convergent uniformly on any compact set of R,
is an ω-periodic function, and
, then
is convergent uniformly on R.
Lemma 2.3 (see [14] ) Suppose V is a metric space, C is a convex closed set of V, its boundary is
, if
is a continuous compact mapping, such that
, then T has a fixed point on C.
For the sake of convenience, suppose that
is an ω-periodic continuous function on R, denote
(2.5)
3. A Unique Periodic Solution
If n is an odd number and
, it is easy to know that Equation (1.3) has a unique periodic continuous solution
; Following we discuss the case
, and get two results about the existence of the periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
Theorem 3.1 Consider Equation (1.3), n is an odd number,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, suppose that the following conditions hold:
(H1)
(H2)
then Equation (1.3) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
, and
Proof (1) By (H1), (H2) and n is an odd number, according to the factorization of polynomials, we can get
(3.1)
Suppose
(3.2)
Given any
, the distance is defined as follows:
(3.3)
thus
is a complete metric space. Take a convex closed set B of S as follows:
(3.4)
Given any
, consider the following equation:
(3.5)
Let
(3.6)
then (3.5) becomes
(3.7)
By (3.4) and (3.6), we have
(3.8)
By (H1), (H2), (3.4) and (3.6), we get that
(3.9)
thus we have
(3.10)
Since
,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, by (3.10), according to Lemma 2.1, Equation (3.7) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution as follows:
(3.11)
and
(3.12)
By (3.8) and (3.12), it follows
(3.13)
By (H1), (H2), (3.9) and (3.11), we get
and
hence,
.
Define a mapping as follows:
(3.14)
thus if given any
, then
, hence
.
Now, we prove that the mapping T is a compact mapping.
Consider any sequence
, then it follows
(3.15)
On the other hand,
satisfies
(3.16)
thus we have
(3.17)
(3.18)
hence
is uniformly bounded, therefore,
is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous on R. By the theorem of Ascoli-arzela, for any sequence
, there exists a subsequence (also denoted by
) such that
is convergent uniformly on any compact set of R. By (3.18), combined with Lemma 2.2,
is convergent uniformly on R, that is to say, T is relatively compact on B.
Next, we prove that T is a continuous mapping.
Suppose
, and
(3.19)
Let
(3.20)
then it follows
(3.21)
and
(3.22)
By (3.14), we have
here,
is between
and
, thus
is between
and
, hence we have
thus we can get
(3.23)
By (3.21) and (3.23), it follows
(3.24)
therefore, T is continuous. By (3.14), easy to see,
. According to Lemma 2.3, T has at least a fixed point on B, the fixed point is the ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3), and
(3.25)
(3) We prove that Equation (1.3) has a unique periodic solution.
Let us discuss the possible range of
of Equation (1.3), we divide the initial value
into the following parts:
(3.26)
Let
(3.27)
Then we have
(3.28)
(I) If
.
Consider Equation (1.3), we have
, thus
may stay at
, then
, thus
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
(II) If
, then Equation (1.3) has an ω-periodic continuous solution
with initial value
.
By (3.28), we have
Since
(3.29)
by (3.28) and (3.29), it follows
(3.30)
Now, we suppose that there is another ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3) which satisfies
(3.31)
Because
is a polynomial function with continuous partial derivatives to x, Equation (1.3) satisfies the existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems of differential equations, thus
(3.32)
By (3.28) and (3.31), it follows
(3.33)
Consider the following equation:
(3.34)
thus we have
(3.35)
By (3.29) and (3.31), it follows
(3.36)
By (3.28) and (3.36), it follows
(3.37)
By (3.35) and (3.37), it follows
(3.38)
By (3.32) and (3.38), this is a contradiction, thus
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), that is to say, Equation (1.3) has exactly a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
which satisfies
(3.39)
(III) If
.
Consider Equation (1.3), we have
, thus
may stay at
or
, if
stays at
, we have
, then
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), if
, then
can also not be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
To sum up, Equation (1.3) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
which satisfies
(3.40)
This is the end of the proof of Theorem 3.1.
Similarly, we can get
Theorem 3.2 Consider Equation (1.3), n is an odd number,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, suppose that the following conditions hold:
(H1)
(H2)
then Equation (1.3) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
, and
4. Two Periodic Solutions
In this section, when
is an even number, we discuss the number of periodic solutions of Equation (1.3). Since the factorization of polynomial
varies with n when n is an even number, here we only prove the case when
; When n is any other even number, the results are the same as those of the following Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2, the proofs are also similar as those of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2, so we omit them here, in this section, we get two results.
Theorem 4.1 Consider Equation (1.3),
is an even number,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, suppose that the following conditions hold:
(H1)
(H2)
then Equation (1.3) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
and
, and
Proof (1) By (H1) and (H2), Equation (1.3) can be written as follows:
(4.1)
Suppose
(4.2)
Given any
, the distance is defined as follows:
(4.3)
thus
is a complete metric space. Take a convex closed set
of S as follows:
(4.4)
Given any
, consider the following equation:
(4.5)
Let
(4.6)
then (4.5) becomes
(4.7)
By (4.4) and (4.6), we have
(4.8)
By (H1), (H2), (4.4) and (4.6), we get that
(4.9)
thus we have
(4.10)
Since
,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, by (4.10), according to Lemma 2.1, Equation (4.7) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution as follows:
(4.11)
and
(4.12)
By (4.4), (4.6) and (4.12), it follows
(4.13)
By (H1), (H2), (4.9) and (4.11), we get
and
hence,
.
Define a mapping as follows:
(4.14)
thus if given any
, then
, hence
.
Now, we prove that the mapping T is a compact mapping.
Consider any sequence
, then it follows
(4.15)
On the other hand,
satisfies
(4.16)
thus we have
(4.17)
hence
is uniformly bounded, therefore,
is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous on R. By the theorem of Ascoli-arzela, for any sequence
, there exists a subsequence (also denoted by
) such that
is convergent uniformly on any compact set of R. By (4.17), combined with Lemma 2.2,
is convergent uniformly on R, that is to say, T is relatively compact on
.
Next, we prove that T is a continuous mapping.
Suppose
, and
(4.18)
Denote
(4.19)
then it follows
(4.20)
and
By (4.14), we have
here,
is between
and
, thus
is between
and
hence we have
thus we can get
By (4.20) and the above inequality, it follows
(4.21)
therefore, T is continuous. By (4.14), easy to see,
. According to Lemma 2.3, T has at least a fixed point on
, the fixed point is the ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3), and
(4.22)
(2) Suppose
(4.23)
Given any
, the distance is defined as follows:
(4.24)
thus
is a complete metric space. Take a convex closed set B2 of S as follows:
(4.25)
Given any
, consider the following equation:
(4.26)
Let
(4.27)
then (4.26) becomes
(4.28)
By (4.25) and (4.27), we have
(4.29)
By (H1), (H2), (4.25) and (4.27), we get that
(4.30)
thus we have
(4.31)
Since
,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, by (4.31), according to Lemma 2.1, Equation (4.28) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution as follows:
(4.32)
and
(4.33)
By (4.29) and (4.33), it follows
(4.34)
By (H1), (H2), (4.30) and (4.32), we get
and
hence,
Define a mapping as follows:
(4.35)
thus if given any
, then
, hence
.
Now, we prove that the mapping T is a compact mapping.
Consider any sequence
, then it follows
(4.36)
On the other hand,
satisfies
(4.37)
thus we have
(4.38)
hence
is uniformly bounded, therefore,
is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous on R. By the theorem of Ascoli-arzela, for any sequence
, there exists a subsequence (also denoted by
) such that
is convergent uniformly on any compact set of R. By (4.38), combined with Lemma 2.2,
is convergent uniformly on R, that is to say, T is relatively compact on
.
Next, we prove that T is a continuous mapping.
Suppose
, and
(4.39)
Denote
(4.40)
then it follows
(4.41)
and
By (4.35), we have
here,
is between
and
, thus
is between
and
hence we have
thus we can get
(4.42)
By (4.41) and (4.42), it follows
(4.43)
therefore, T is continuous. By (4.35), easy to see,
. According to Lemma 2.3, T has at least a fixed point on B2, the fixed point is the ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3), and
(4.44)
(3) We prove that Equation (1.3) has exactly two periodic solutions.
Let us discuss the possible range of
of Equation (1.3), we divide the initial value
into the following parts:
Let
(4.45)
Then we have
(4.46)
(I) If
.
Consider Equation (1.3), we have
, thus
may stay at
or enter into
at some time t, if
stays at
, then
, thus
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), if
enters into
at some time t, then there is not a
such that
, thus
can also not be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
(II) If
, then Equation (1.3) has an ω-periodic continuous solution
with initial value
.
Since
, by differential mean value theorem, it follows
By (4.46), we have
(4.47)
(4.48)
Since
(4.49)
by (4.46) and (4.49), it follows
(4.50)
Now, we suppose that there is another ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3) which satisfies
(4.51)
Because
is a polynomial function with continuous partial derivatives to x, Equation (1.3) satisfies the existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems of differential equations, thus
(4.52)
By (4.46) and (4.51), it follows
(4.53)
Consider the following equation:
(4.54)
thus we have
(4.55)
By (4.49) and (4.51), it follows
(4.56)
By (4.46) and (4.56), it follows
(4.57)
By (4.55) and (4.57), it follows
(4.58)
By (4.52) and (4.58), this is a contradiction, thus
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), that is to say, Equation (1.3) has exactly a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
which satisfies
(4.59)
(III) If
.
Consider Equation (1.3), we have
, thus
may stay at
or enter into
at some time t, if
stays at
, we have
, then
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), if
enters into
at some time t, then there is not a
such that
, thus
can also not be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
(IV) if
, then Equation (1.3) has an ω-periodic continuous solution
with initial value
.
Since
(4.60)
by (4.46) and (4.60), it follows
(4.61)
Now, we suppose that there is another ω-periodic continuous solution
of Equation (1.3) which satisfies
(4.62)
Because
is a polynomial function with continuous partial derivatives to x, Equation (1.3) satisfies the existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems of differential equations, thus
(4.63)
By (4.46) and (4.62), it follows
(4.64)
Consider the following equation:
(4.65)
thus we have
(4.66)
By (4.60) and (4.62), it follows
(4.67)
By (4.46) and (4.67), it follows
(4.68)
By (4.66) and (4.68), it follows
(4.69)
By (4.63) and (4.69), this is a contradiction, thus
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), that is to say, Equation (1.3) has exactly a unique ω-periodic continuous solution
which satisfies
(4.70)
(V) If
.
Consider Equation (1.5), we have
, thus
may stay at
or
, if
stays at
, we have
, then
cannot be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3), if
, then
can also not be a periodic solution of Equation (1.3).
To sum up, Equation (1.3) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
and
which satify
(4.71)
(4.72)
This is the end of the proof of Theorem 4.1.
Theorem 4.2 Consider Equation (1.3),
is an even number,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, suppose that the following conditions hold:
(H1)
(H2)
then Equation (1.3) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
and
, and
Proof Let
(4.73)
then Equation (1.3) can be turned into the following equation
(4.74)
By (H1) and (H2), it follows that Equation (4.74) satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 4.1, according to Theorem 4.1, Equation (4.74) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
and
, and
(4.75)
(4.76)
By (4.73), it follows that Equation (1.3) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions
and
, and
(4.77)
(4.78)
This is the end of the proof of Theorem 4.2.
5. Some Corollaries
Consider the following equation:
(5.1)
where
and
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R.
Let
(5.2)
then Equation (5.1) becomes
(5.3)
According to Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2 of section 3, Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2 of section 4, we can get:
Corollary 5.1 Consider Equation (5.1), n is an odd number,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R, suppose that the following condition holds:
(H1)
then Equation (5.1) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution.
Remark 5.1 If
, then Equation (5.1) has also a unique periodic solution
.
Corollary 5.2 Consider Equation (5.1), n is an even number,
,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R, suppose that the following condition holds:
(H1)
then Equation (5.1) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions.
Consider the following equation:
(5.4)
where
and
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R.
Let
(5.5)
then Equation (5.5) becomes
(5.6)
According to Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2 of section 3, we can get:
Corollary 5.3 Consider Equation (5.4), n is an odd number,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R, suppose that the following condition holds:
(H1)
then Equation (5.4) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution.
Corollary 5.4 Consider Equation (5.4), n is an even number,
,
are ω-periodic continuous functions on R, and
is derivable on R, suppose that the following condition holds:
(H1)
then Equation (5.4) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution if and only if
holds.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, we get three results:
1) when n is an odd number, if
, then Equation (1.3) has a unique ω-periodic continuous solution, and the range of the size of the periodic continuous solution of Eq.(1.3) is also given.
2) when n is an even number, if
, then Equation (1.3) has exactly two ω-periodic continuous solutions, and the ranges of the size of the two periodic continuous solutions of Equation (1.3) are also given, one is positive, another is negative, they are symmetrical about
.
3) We extend conclusions 1) and 2) to Equation (5.1) and Equation (5.4).
These conclusions have certain application value for judging the existence of periodic solutions of polynomial differential equations with only one higher-order term.
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the Senior Talent Foundation of Jiangsu University (14JDG176).
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
NOTES
*Special project supported by senior personnel of Jiangsu University (14JDG176).