Mathematical Analysis of an Optimal Control Problem of Surface Water Pollution ()
1. Introduction
The objective of this paper is to make a theoretical analysis of an optimal control problem with constraints governed by coupled partial differential equations.
The interest of this work is two-fold. Indeed firstly the resolution of optimal control problem with partial differential equations constraints is a challenge for the current research in the field both theoretically and numerically. Secondly, the mathematical model studied is of utmost importance in practice since the physical phenomenon is modeled through this paper concerning the pollution of surface water. The studied problem is very complex since the objective function is not explicitly defined in term of control directly. Hence there is a need to solve equations that govern constraints that are also complex as we couple the model which describes the pollutants dissolution with Navier-Stokes equations.
To overcome these difficulties, we built a new technique based on the Gelfand’s triplet and theory of differential solutions to transform the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations [1] [2] .
The outline of this paper is as follows: in this second section we present the mathematical model; the third section is devoted to the main results of existence uniqueness and also estimation of the system; in the fourth section we conduct the characterization of the optimal control and we end this work with a conclusion and perspectives.
2. Mathematical Model
Let
be a bounded domain of
, with boundary
sufficiently regular. We denote by
an element of
.
We consider the following model:
(1)
subject to
(2)
where:
・ zd is an observation function; D is a given linear continuous operator of observation; N is a given positif real;
・ c denotes the concentration of pollutants, g is a source term, d is a diffusion coefficient,
represented the control which allows to act on the system;
・
and
denote respectively the velocity and the pressure of water, f external forces,
the kinematic viscosity;
・ Equations (2.a)-(2.c) modelling the transport and dissolution of pollutants;
・ Systems (2.d)-(2.g) is Navier-Stokes equations.
We rewrite problems (1)-(2) in the following compact form:
(3)
where Uad denotes set of admissible controls. In this form it is easier to establish results of existence and uniqueness concerning the control when knowing some properties of J and Uad [3] [4] [5] .
3. Main Results
To make the theoretical study of system (2), we define the following Gelfand triplet:
, where the injections are continuous, dense and compact.
We choose in this paper
,
and
.
We assume that there exist two positive constants A and A* such that the following inequality hold:
(4)
We also recall the following result concerning the Navier-Stokes equations whose proof can be found in [6] .
Theorem 1. Let
belonging to
a divergence field. Then there exists a unique solution
of the Navier-Stokes equations associated to the initial data
, such that
and
(5)
3.1. Main Result 1
This first result concerning existence and uniqueness of solution of the model that governs the dissolution of pollutants:
(6)
For this we introduce Gelfand’s triplet for the following operators:
(7)
and
(8)
We consider a function
defined by:
(9)
and
(10)
With these notations Equation (6) becomes:
(11)
where
denotes the derivative in the sense of the distributions of C and
We define the space of solutions by:
(12)
where
and
are equipped with the respective norms:
(13)
and
(14)
Theorem 2. If
,
and
then there exists a unique state:
(15)
solution of the problem (11).
Proof. To proof uniqueness we first establish the following intermediate result:
and
then for all
:
(16)
Indeed,
(17)
Assuming existence of two solutions
and
of (11), let denote by
then
satisfies the following equation:
(18)
by multiplying the first equation of (18) by
and integrating over
, we obtain:
(19)
using the monotony of
, we deduce that,
and using relation (16) we deduce that:
(20)
(21)
since
, we have
implying that
.
To prove existence of the solution we first prove that the problem approached of the problem model has a unique solution and that this approximate solution converges to the exact solution. Let consider the following approached problem
of Equation (11) given by:
(22)
where
and
.
We assume that this approximated problem is posed on the subspace
of the space
which is separable, then there exists a sequence
such that:
・
, The first terms
are linearly independent;
・ The set of linear combinations of elements of this sequence is dense in
(and therefore in
and
).
Proposition 3. Under the assumptions of theorem (2),
, (22) admits a unique solution
which belongs to
.
Proof. The proof is based on the Carathéodory’s theorem which we apply to the following function:
(23)
・
is measurable as
and
are measurable respectively in
and
, this function is also continuous in W [7] [8] ;
・ the condition of minoration on any compact of
is assured by the fact that
is bounded
in
and
is bounded in
.
Then, for every
, there exists at least one solution to the system:
(24)
which is therefore the solution of (22).
In order to demonstrate the convergence of the approximated solution to the exact solution, we establish the following priori estimation results.
Proposition 4. If
is a solution of (11) then:
(25)
(26)
(27)
Proof. To prove relation (25) we form the scalar product of the first equation of Equation (11) with
and integrate over
, we obtain:
(28)
Integrate over
then
We have:
:
and we deduce the following successive inequalities
To establish relation (26) we integrate the scalar product over
:
(29)
Using (25) we have:
then we have
To proof relation (27) we use the fact that the Laplacian is a bounded linear operator and the following lemma:
Lemma 3.1.
and for all
there exist two constants
and
such as:
(30)
Proof. For all
and for all
, we have:
(31)
According to Poincaré inequality there exist
such as
:
Norms
and
are equivalent in
, so that there exist a positive constant
such as:
then we have
Lemma 3.2. If
and
then
. Furthermore
(32)
Proof. For all
and for all
, we have:
(33)
According to Lemma (3.1) we have:
(34)
Consider
and we form the scalar product of the first equation of (11) with
:
(35)
Finally we get
Using estimates (25) and (26), we obtain:
To achieve the proof of Theorem 2 it must be shown that the approximate solution
converges to the exact solution in
. By construction, the result of initial states
converges to
in
.
Using the relation (25), we deduce that the terms of the sequence
is bounded in
which is a reflexive Banach space. We can extract a subsequence that is weakly convergent in
.
Let denote by
this subsequence where
is a function strictly increasing such that:
(36)
From relation (26) we deduce that the sequence
are bounded in
which is the dual of
. Then there exists a sub-sequence which converges weakly towards
such as:
(37)
Using relation (27) we obtain the weak convergence
to
i.e:
(38)
According to [9] [10] , we deduce that
and
.
On the other hand let
fixed,
denoting by
the unique solution of
then when
we obtain:
and
(39)
Since the family
is dense in
thus:
Also to [10] , we can extract a subsequence noted again Cn such as
,
converges to
. Considering the continuous representative
, we obtain strong convergence
towards
.
3.2. Regularity of the Solution
Let
be the unique solution of (11) and
a perturbed one of (11). We suppose that
and
,
,
and
,
, then
satisfies the following equation:
(40)
Effect the scalar product of (40) by
and integrate over
, we obtain:
(41)
being monotonous then:
By Lemma 3.2, we have:
Let:
then
According to Willet-Wong’s inequality we deduce:
Using relation (25), one can have a priori estimation of
solution of (40). There exist a constant
as if
,
are increased then:
Let
, then:
(42)
3.3. Main Result 2
The space of admissible controls considered in this paper is
.
Theorem 5 The optimal control problem (3) has a unique solution
And we have the following inequality:
:
(43)
Proof. to proof this result, one can proof that the functional J is inferior semi- continuous, strongly convex and differentiable.
Let us proof that
is inferior semi-continuous. We consider a sequence
in
which converges strongly to
, we can extract a subsequence also denoted by
such that:
(44)
Let denote by
with:
and
are inferior semi-continuous then:
(45)
Apply Fatou’s lemma to the sequence
we obtain:
according to (45) we have:
So that
is inferior semi-continuous.
To proof the strong convexity, we choose
, then:
(46)
Applying the first unequally Clarkson to the first term in right member, we obtain:
By applying the equality of the parallelogram to the second term the right member, we obtain:
(47)
And the differentiability of
is proved by calculating the following limit:
(48)
Let us denoted by
the trajectory corresponding to
then
satisfies the following equation:
(49)
Let us designed by
then
Note that if
then
(50)
According to these properties of
we conclude that problem (3) admits an unique minimum
on
.
From relation (47) we have the inequality:
As
then
(51)
search
, i.e. the tangent model: In fact
, we obtain:
(52)
by tender
, we obtain
(53)
since
when
.
3.4. Main Result 3
Theorem 6. If D is a surjective operator of the space
in
or D is the identity application of
then the control V is given by:
(54)
where P is the solution of the adjoint equation.
First Case: We assume that D is an injective operator define from the space in
and
, then the adjoint equation is given by:
(55)
Seconde Case: D is the identity operator define from
when
then adjoint equation is given by:
(56)
when
the adjoint equation becomes:
(57)
Proof. The derivative given by (51) is unusable since for each test W we must solving the tangent model (53). The introduction of the adjoint state allows us to obtain a explicit expression of
[11] [12] .
We first perform the scalar product of the first equation of (53) with P and then integrate by parts we obtain:
(58)
with additional conditions on
given by:
we obtain:
By identifying this result with the first term of
, one obtains the adjoint equation according to the nature of the operator
given by (55)-(57)
To characterize the control we consider the two cases given by relations (56), and (57). Then if the adjoint equation is given by the proof is the same for both cases
. The adjoint equation is given by:
In this case relation (51) becomes:
(59)
We form the scalar product between the first equation of the adjoint equation with
and we integrate over
, we obtain:
(60)
We have therefore:
So that thus one can write
as follows (51) give:
(61)
His equation had to be satisfied whatever the disturbance on
, especially if
. Necessarily, we have:
(62)
4. Conclusions
The aim of this paper is a mathematical analysis of an optimal control problem of surface water pollution by using a triplet of evolution adapted to order of derivations. This technique allowed us to propose theorems not only of existence and uniqueness of the control but also of the solution of the equation that governs the constraints which is nonlinear. Then we solved the control problem directly and gave an optimal control characterization by using the adjoint equation.
It is essential to remember that this study only allowed us to characterize the optimal control without giving an analytical expression of it. In a future work we will proceed to a numerical approximation of this model in order to propose solution to the decision makers.