Liotta, D., Brogi, A., Ruggieri, G. and Zucchi, M. (2021) Fossil vs. Active Geothermal Systems: A Field and Laboratory Method to Disclose the Relationships between Geothermal Fluid Flow and Geological Structures at Depth. Energies, 14, Article 933.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040933

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Conventional Geothermal Systems and Unconventional Geothermal Developments: An Overview

  AUTHORS: Maryam Khodayar, Sveinbjörn Björnsson

  KEYWORDS: Conventional Geothermal Systems, Unconventional Geothermal Developments, Shallow and Deep Closed-Loops, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, Supercritical and Millimeter-Wave Drilling

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Geology, Vol.14 No.2, February 20, 2024

  ABSTRACT: This paper provides an overview of conventional geothermal systems and unconventional geothermal developments as a common reference is needed for discussions between energy professionals. Conventional geothermal systems have the heat, permeability and fluid, requiring only drilling down to °C, normal heat flow or decaying radiogenic granite as heat sources, and used in district heating. Medium-temperature (MT) 100°C - 190°C, and high-temperature (HT) 190°C - 374°C resources are mostly at plate boundaries, with volcanic intrusive heat source, used mostly for electricity generation. Single well capacities are °C - 500°C) and a range of depths (1 m to 20 Km), but lack permeability or fluid, thus requiring stimulations for heat extraction by conduction. HVAC is 1 - 2 m deep and shallow geothermal down to 500 m in wells, both capturing °C, with °C are either advanced by geothermal developers at