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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Battery-Free Power Supply for Wireless Sensor Combining Photovoltaic Cells and Supercapacitors

  AUTHORS: Vincent Boitier, Bruno Estibals, Florian Huet, Lionel Seguier

  KEYWORDS: Photovoltaic, Energy Harvesting, Free Battery System, Energy Management, Supercapacitor

  JOURNAL NAME: Energy and Power Engineering, Vol.15 No.3, March 20, 2023

  ABSTRACT: This article exhibits the sizing, modelling, and characterization of a power supply (output 3.3 V, 200 mA max, 11 days full autonomy) dedicated to powering a wireless sensor node without a battery but usable as simply as with a battery. This system is modular for various light levels (indoor and outdoor). It is easily integrable into a sensor node, using only commercial circuits. The choices of the photovoltaic surface (amorphous silicon, η 5%, 35 cm2) and of the supercapacitors value (2x 25F, 2.7 V) are explained for permanent operation, considering the solar potential and the consumption. An original part of the paper is devoted to the issue of the startup, in which we demonstrate that after a particular preload, once installed, the device can start on request at the desired time (within 15 days) using as a trigger any light source, such as the LED of a mobile phone.