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Abstract: |
We prepared BaTiO3 xerogels, powders, and ceramics using the sol–gel process, with Triton X-100 used as a surfactant. We then characterized these materials by means of thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and transmission and scanning electron microscope analysis, and investigated the dielectric properties of the resulting ceramics. The powders calcined at 800 °C for 2 h were mainly the BaTiO3 phase, which contained a small amount of BaCO3. With increasing concentration of Triton X-100, the particle size of the powders decreased and their dispersion improved. The BaTiO3 particle size ranged between 30 and 70 nm. After sintering, the content of the tetragonal BaTiO3 phase increased with increasing surfactant concentration. The average grain size of the ceramics increased from 0.6 to 3.0 μm as the [Triton X-100]/[Ti(OC4H9)4] ratio increased from 0 to 1:8. Moreover, the roomtemperature permittivity values were all greater than 3000. The ceramic produced with a [Triton X- 100]/[Ti(OC4H9)4] ratio of 1:16 had the maximum room-temperature permittivity (4881).
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