Distribution of Ag(I), Li(I)-Cs(I) Picrates, and Na(I) Tetraphenylborate with Differences in Phase Volume between Water and Diluents ()
1. Introduction
In electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces, such as water/nitrobenzene (w/NB) and w/1,2-dichloroethane (w/DCE) ones, formal potentials (
) for the transfer of single ions j across the interfaces have been determined [1] [2]. These potentials have been obtained at 298 K from standardized potentials of cations or anions based on the extra-thermodynamic assumption for the distribution of tetraphenylarsonium tetraphenylborate (
) and so on [1] [2] [3] in many cases. In these studies, there are many data for the potentials
in the w/NB and w/DCE systems [1] [2] [3] [4], while there are some data [5] [6] for w/o-dichlorobenzene (oDCBz) one. Especially, the data [6] for the metal ions (Mz+ at z = 1) seems to be very few. Also, the
values have been converted with the relation,
[7] [8], at dep = 0 V into standard distribution constants (
) of j in a mol/L unit. Here, the symbols, zj, f, and dep, denote a formal charge of j with its sign, F/RT (these symbols are usual meanings), and a distribution equilibrium potential between w and organic (org) bulk phases, respectively. That is, the relation of
{or
} with j = M+ holds at dep = 0 V and T = 298.15 K. Generally such
values have been determined by solvent extraction experiments with j = M+, M2+, univalent cation, and its anion (A−) [3] [7] [8] [9] [10]. However, there are few studies [7] [10] for understanding distribution and extraction phenomena based on the dep values. So, it is expected that the above studies facilitate both an electrochemical understanding of the distribution and extraction phenomena and an extraction-chemical one of the ion transfers across the liquid/liquid interfaces.
In this study, we determined the standard distribution constants,
, at dep = 0 V and T ≈ 298 K for j = Ag+, Li+-Cs+, and
into some diluents. The
values were obtained from NB, DCE, oDCBz, and dichloromethane (DCM) systems with the reported
value [5] [8] [11] of picrate ion (Pic−), the
values at j = Li+-Cs+ from oDCBz one with that [5] of Pic−, and the
values from NB and DCE ones with the
value [8] of Na+. In the experiments corresponding to the above systems, volume ratios (=Vorg/V = rorg/w) of the both phases were changed and accordingly an equation for analyzing such systems was derived; Vorg and V refer to an experimental volume (L unit) of the org phase and that of the w one, respectively. Also, the Kex, KMA,org, and KD,MA values were obtained at 298 K from the same combinations of M+A− and the diluents. Here, the symbols Kex, KMA,org, and KD,MA were defined as [MA]org/[M+][A−], [MA]org/[M+]org[A−]org, and [MA]org/[MA], respectively. Moreover, extraction, ion-pair formation, and distribution properties for the above systems were discussed based on their equilibrium constants. Additionally, using the Davies equation or the Debye-Hückel limiting law [12], dependences of Kex and KMPic,org (M = Li-K) on the ionic strength of both w and oDCBz (=org) phases were examined. About the distribution with
or Cs+, differences among its
or KD,Cs values were considered in their experimental conditions and thereby classified into two groups, such as KD,j and
.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
The procedures for the preparation of MPic, except for NaPic, were the same as those [13] [14] reported before. Commercial NaPic (monohydrate, extra pure reagent: ≥95.0%, Kanto Chemical) and NaBPh4 {guaranteed pure reagent (GR): ≥95.0%, Kanto} were dissolved into pure water and then recrystallized by concentrating their aqueous solutions with a rotary evaporator. The thus-obtained crystals were filtered and then dried for > 20 h in vacuum. Amounts of the water of crystallization in these picrates were determined with a Karl-Fischer titration: 7.343% for M(I) = Li; 6.232 for Na; 1.230 for K; 2.767 for Rb; 0.414 for Cs. Water was not detected for the AgPic crystal [14].
Commercial NB (GR: > 99.5%, Kanto), DCE (GR: > 99.5%, Kanto), oDCBz (GR: > 99.0%, Kanto), and DCM (GR: > 99.5%, Kanto), used as the diluents, were washed three times with pure water and kept at states saturated with water until use [15]. Commercial nitric acid (GR: 60% - 61%, Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and hydrochloric acid (for amino acid analysis, GR: 35.0% - 37.0%, Kanto) were employed for the preparation of the calibration curves with AgNO3 (GR: ≥ 99.8%, Kanto) and LiCl-CsCl (GR, Kanto, Wako, & Nacalai Tesque). Used pure water was purified by the same procedure as that [15] reported previously.
2.2. Experiments for the MPic and NaBPh4 Distribution
Aqueous solutions of MPic or NaBPh4 were mixed with some diluents in the various rorg/w (see Table 1 & Table 2 for their ratios) in stoppered glass tubes of about 30 mL and then they were shaken for 3 minutes (in the experiments with the AgPic and NaBPh4 distribution) or one minute (in those with the LiP-ic-CsPic one) by hand. After this operation, these tubes were mechanically agitated at 25˚C ± 0.3˚C for 2 h and centrifuged for 5 minutes in order to separate the two phases. The separated diluent phases were taken into the glass tubes and treated as follows. The diluent phases of AgPic, NaPic, and NaBPh4 distribution systems were back-extracted by using 0.1 mol/L HNO3, pure water, and 0.02 mol/L HCl, respectively. For the NaPic system, the w phases back-extracted were separated, transferred to 5 mL tubes produced by polypropylene, and then their separated phases were diluted with the HCl solution. Total amounts of Ag(I) and Na(I) in these aqueous solutions were analyzed at 328.1 nm for Ag and 589.0 for Na with a Hitachi atomic absorption spectrometer (type Z-6100). In addition to
Table 1. Fundamental data for AgPic and NaBPh4 distribution into several diluents at 298 K with various rorg/w conditions.
aValues at I & Iorg → 0. bValues calculated from Equation (3a). See the footnotes e & h for the
&
values. cAverage values. dRef. [14]. eValues calculated from
at I & INB → 0; −1.011 at I & IDCE → 0; −2.737 at [Li2SO4]t = 0.0035 mol/L, [PNP+DCC−]t,oDCBz = 0.01, & 295 K; −0.68 for the w/DCM system. See refs. [5], [8], & [11] & Appendix B. fValues calculated from the original data of ref. [14]. gValues determined at 295 - 298 K, where
corresponds
. See the text & Equation (T8) in Table 3 for the
estimation. hCalculated from
for w/NB; −6.09 for w/DCE. See ref. [8]. iThe maximum values among errors used for calculation were described.
Table 2. Fundamental data for MPic (M = Li-Cs) distribution into org = oDCBz at 298 K with various I and rorg/w conditions.
aValues at I & IoDCBz → 0. bValues calculated from
at [Li2SO4]t = 0.0035 mol/L, [PNP+DCC−]t,org = 0.01, & 295 K using Equation (3a). See ref. [5]. cValues determined at 295 - 298 K. dValues expressed as the errors which equal those of logKD,±. See the text. eAverage values. fRef. [17].
589.0 for Na, amounts of the other M(I) were analyzed at 670.8 nm for M(I) = Li, 766.5 for K, 780.0 for Rb, and 852.1 for Cs by a flame spectrophotometry.
Total concentrations of MPic in the w phases before the distribution experiments into oDCBz were as follows: 0.025 & 0.052 mol/L for the AgPic distribution, 0.026 - 0.034, 0.083, 0.094 - 0.12, & 0.13 - 0.14 for LiPic, 0.042, 0.056, 0.084, 0.11, 0.13, & 0.17 for NaPic, 0.0017, 0.0040, 0.0081, & 0.022 for KPic, 0.0061 & 0.010 for RbPic, and 0.0043 for CsPic. In the AgPic distribution into other org phases, the total concentrations were 1.0 × 10−4-0.041 mol/L for org = NB, 0.012 - 0.030 for DCE, and 0.025, 0.040, & 0.049 for DCM. In the NaBPh4 distribution into NB and DCE, the concentrations were 4.9 × 10−5-0.0061 mol/L and 0.0040 - 0.035, respectively.
2.3. Data Analyses
Based on the ion-pair formation,
, in water, we can easily propose a quadratic equation
{see Equation (1) for the symbols V[M+] & [M]t,w} and then obtain from it
. From the latter equation,
we calculated self-consistent V[A−] and KMA values by a successive approximation with
[8]. Here, the symbols, KMA,
, and y±, denote an ion-pair formation constant for MA in water at concentration expression, that at V[A−] (= ionic strength) → 0 mol/L, and a mean activity coefficient for M+ and A− in water, respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Derivation of Analytic Equation under the Conditions of Different Phase Volumes
Under the condition that Vorg is different from V in the MA distribution into the org phase, we considered the following equation as a total mass balance at mol unit:
(1)
where [M]t, [M]t,w, and [M]t,org denote a total concentration of the 1:1 electrolyte MA in the w phase before the extraction experiment, that of species with M(I) in the w one, and that of those in the org phase after the experiment (namely, at equilibrium), respectively. In these concentrations, the [M+]t,org value can be experimentally determined with some analytical methods, such as AAS, flame spectrophotometry, and potentiometry with ISE. Equation (1) was divided by V[M+]V and then rearranged into
(2)
using the mass balance relation of [M]t,org = [M+]org + [MA]org in the org phase. Here, the symbols, V[M+] and rorg/w[M+]org, show the concentration of M+ in the w phase of the volume V and that of M+ in the org phase of V, respectively. In other words, the [M+]org value is converted with rorg/w into V[M+]org, the concentration of M+ in the org phase of V: namely V[M+]org equals rorg/w[M+]org {= (Vorg/V )[M+]org}. Therefore, we can define rorg/w[M+]org/V[M+] (= V[M+]org/V[M+]) as a conditional distribution constant [7], KD,M, of M+ and additionally do [MA]org/V[M+]V[A−] as the apparent extraction constant,
, of MA, respectively. Obviously. from the charge balance relations of [M+]org = [A−]org and V[M+] = V[A−] in the MA distribution system, we can see immediately that KD,M = (rorg/w[M+]org/V[M+] =) rorg/w[A−]org/V[A−] = KD,A.
According to our previous paper [7], the KD,M and KD,A values at 298 K have been expressed as
(3)
Here, the symbols
(or
), KD,M, and KD,A denote an inner potential of the w (or org) phase, the conditional distribution constant of M+, and that of A−, respectively, in this equation; see the introduction for the symbols
and
. This dep practically means a total energy which is necessary for the M+ or A− transfer across the interface between the two bulk phases at equilibrium. Equation (3) is the modified form of the Nernst equation [16]; this expression has a little problem in its definition (see ref. [17]). As similar to Equation (3), the following equation can hold (see Appendix A for its derivation).
(3a)
So from rearranging Equation (2) with
which is defined as
{=KD,MKD,A: the condition (C3) in Appendix A}, the following equation was obtained.
(4)
under the conditions of KD,M = KD,A (see above) and
. Here
equals an experimental (expl.) value, V[M]t,org/V[M+], corresponding to the distribution ratio of M(I) [8]. Hence, the plot of
versus
based on Equation (4) can give
as the slope and KD,± as the intercept. Interestingly, we can obtain the plot with changing rorg/w under the constant condition of V[A−], namely, the constant ionic strength (I) in the w phases. Here, we can see that the intercept is the KD,± value under the condition of I (=V[A−] = V[A−]org/KD,±) → 0 [8] at least, because of rorg/w > 0. When KD,± > 0, this fact, I = V[A−]org/KD,± → 0, also means V[A−]org (= Iorg) → 0 [8]. Therefore, the intercept, KD,±, satisfies both the conditions of I and Iorg → 0. Equation (4) is essentially similar to the Czapkiewicz equation [18] with P1/2 (≈KD,±) at CII (
or V[A−]) → 0 and P* (≈Kex).
The symbol
is converted with rorg/w into
which is thermodynamically expressed as
(see the introduction for KMA,org). Accordingly, we can obtain the KMA,org value from the intercept and the modified slope based on Equation (4). In the relation of
, the KD,M and KD,A values must satisfy the same experimental conditions, such as I and Iorg, and also
and
ones do the same condition.
3.2. Reproducibility of the Experimental Values in Equation (4)
Figure 1 shows an example of the AgPic extraction into DCE. The straight line was
at correlation coefficient (R ) = 0.997. From these intercept and slope, the logKD,± value was evaluated to be −3.85 ± 0.16, while the logKex one was to be −1.02 ± 0.39. In the latter Kex evaluation, the Kex values were obtained from
for given rDCE/w values and then their values were averaged. Additionally, the
and log KAgPic,DCE values were calculated to be −6.69 (
) with the calculation error of ±0.22 and 6.3 (= logKex − logKD,±) with that of ±0.4 at IDCE = 3.2 × 10−6 mol/L, respectively. Here, IDCE (or Iorg) refers to the ionic strength in the DCE (or org) phase. These values were in agreement with those [14] at rDCE/w = 1 reported before within their experimental errors, except for the logKex and logKD,AgPic values. About these two constants, the minimum logKex value (= −1.41) was close to that (= −1.49 [14]) reported before and also the minimum logKD,AgPic value (= −1.74) was somewhat larger than the
Figure 1. Plot of
vs.
for the AgPic distribution into DCE at vari ous rDCE/w values (see Table 1). The broken line is a regression one based on Equation (4) (see the text).
calculated one (= −1.83): see Table 1. The deviation of the latter value (=logKex − logKAgPic, see the section 3.4 for KAgPic) can depend on the error of logKex. Table 1 lists the results for the AgPic and NaBPh4 distribution into several diluents and Table 2 does results for the LiPic-CsPic distribution into oDCBz.
In the relation of
, the pair of the
and
values must satisfy the same experimental conditions. In other words, the use of
basically reflects the experimental conditions of
in the
estimation. The same is also true of
.
3.3. Comparable Validity of Equation (4)
For KD,± and Kex determination, another simple analytic equation was derived from Equation (4) as follows.
(5)
As examples, these common logarithmic KD,± and Kex values for the AgPic distribution into DCE were −3.23 ± 0.38 and −1.02 ± 0.38, respectively. From these values, the
and logKAgPic,DCE values were also estimated to be −5.45 ± 0.53 and 5.4 ± 0.7 at IDCE = 3.2 × 10−6 mol/L, respectively. However, except for the logKex and logKAgPic,DCE values, their values were in less agreement with those [14] (see Table 1) reported before, compared with the values determined in terms of Equation (4).
The form of Equation (5) was simpler than that of Equation (4). Although the difference in reproducibility between the two equations was few, we did not adopt here Equation (5) for the KD,± and Kex determination. Also, the plot of
versus V[A−] based on Equation (4) was not able to give the straight line, indicating that the
(=Kex) term in the plot is not the constant. This fact shows that the parameter
is more important than the
one in Equation (4). Simultaneously, both the plots lose the advantage of the constant I (=V[A−]) condition in the experiments. On the basis of the above results, we employed here Equation (4) for the determination of the KD,± and Kex values.
3.4. On Features of the AgPic Distribution Systems
Table 1 showed the order of org = NB > DCE ≥ DCM > oDCBz for the KD,± values at I and Iorg → 0 mol/L, that for Kex in the I range of 0.020 to 0.044, and that for KD,AgPic. Here, the KD,AgPic value was calculated from the thermodynamic relation of KD,AgPic = Kex/KAgPic with KAgPic = [AgPic]/[Ag+][Pic−], which was evaluated from the
value (=2.8 L/mol [19]) reported at I → 0 and 298 K. On the other hand, the KAgPic,org values showed the reverse order: org = NB < DCE ≤ DCM ≤ oDCBz in the Iorg range of 1.3 × 10−6 to 1.6 × 10−4 mol/L (Table 1). These orders seem to reflect polarities of the diluents, except for KD,AfPic. Also, the
values were in the order NB > oDCBz ≥ DCE > DCM (see Table 1), although the value for the oDCBz system was calculated from
[5] reported at T = 295 ± 3 K and KD,± obtained here at 298 K. Moreover, it was assumed that the logKD,Pic values for the oDCBz and DCM systems satisfy the conditions of I and Iorg → 0 and dep = 0; for the former system, that of I and Iorg → 0 or an activity expression was cleared as described in Appendix B.
Considering the experimental errors of KD,± (or
) in Table 2, except for the oDCBz system of Table 1, we can suppose that the differences in
between T = 295 ± 3 [5] and 298 K are negligible. However, the
determination at 298 K will be necessary for the determination of the more-exact
values.
3.5.
Estimation
We derived the following equation from the definition of
for the present distribution systems at dep = 0 V, the individual activity coefficients y+,org (=yM,org), and y+ (=yM) and rearranged it.
(6)
Here, the symbol,
, denotes a thermodynamic equilibrium constant (=aM,org/aM in activity unit) of KD,M at Iorg and I → 0 mol/L and the superscripts, S and %, mean the experimental conditions of dep = 0 V and the ionic strength for the both phases, respectively. As the description of the superscript % (or ut//xt), its numerator shows the condition of Iorg → 0 (or the left hand side of // does the total concentration, ut, of an electrolyte in the org phase), while its denominator does that of I → 0 (or its right hand side does the total one xt in the w phase). According to Equation (6) at dep = 0 V,
equals [M+]org/[M+] as the concentration expression for a given I = x or Iorg = u,
does [M+]org/aM for a given Iorg = u, and
does aM,org/[M+] for a given I = x; the latter two equations are both the semi-activity expressions (see the footnotes b, d-f in Table 3).
Assuming that
reported cyclic-volammetrically for the w/oDCBz system [5] satisfies the condition of dep = 0 V, the
values were calculated from its
value (= −2.737, see Appendix B for the calculation) with
at dep = 0 V. From the data in Table 2, the logarithmic values of the average
, which was calculated from the intercepts,
(for example see Figure 2), can be estimated easily. These
values were −8.34 ± 0.41 for M = Li, −5.45 ± 0.96 for Na, −3.13 ± 0.72 for K, −6.78 for Rb, and −5.95 for Cs. Here, the errors corresponding to log KD,± were approximately employed as the errors of
, because of a lack [5] of the
’s error (see Table 1 & Table 2). The
values were in the order M = Li < Na < K > Rb < Cs. This order is the same as that of the distribution with the neutral MPic. The log KD,MPic order was M = Li (log KD,MPic,av = −4.6 ± 0.2) < Na (−2.8 ± 0.4) < K (−1.0 ± 0.6)
Rb (−3.5) < Cs (−3.2) (see Table 2). Here the symbol KD,MPic,av refers to the average value of KD,MPic. These orders for
Table 3. Various equations of experimental logKD,j based on some conditions.
aThe parameters x, u, & v show unknown values & zero, u1, & x1 do the known ones. b
. cBasic equation. d
.
. f
. gDefined as
at dep = 0 V.
Figure 2. Plot of
vs.
for the LiPic distribution into oDCBz at various rDCE/w values. The lines are straight ones based on the regression analysis with Equation (4). These plots are those under the conditions of I = 0.026 mol/L (circle), 0.058 (square), 0.070 (diamond), and 0.082 (full & open triangles). Essentially, all the intercepts must indicate the same value.
M = Li-K are in agreement with those for the MPic distribution into NB [3,8] and DCE; that is, the order increases in going from M = Li to K (monotonically to Cs). The data of
for the MPic distribution into DCE at 298 K were −8.07 for M = Li, −6.09 for Na, and −5.95 for K (−5.37 for Rb & −4.60 for Cs), reported by one (Y. K.) of the authors in Chemistry Journal, 2013, vol. 3, pp. 37-43 (now this journal has not been open access). Further experiments will be needed for the RbPic and CsPic distribution into oDCBz. Similarly, the
value for the oDCBz system was estimated to be −6.30 (see Table 1) from the relation
.
From Table 2, the maximum logy+ and logy+,org values at org = oDCBz were calculated to be −0.02 {= −0.5114f(0.0017)} and 0.00 {= −(11.3)(3.2 × 10−8)1/2}, respectively. On the other hand, their minimum values were done to be −0.11 from I = 0.13 mol/L and −0.03 from Iorg = 9.6 × 10−6, respectively. These results indicate that, as a measure, the predicted changes of log KD,M due to I and IoDCBz are less than about 0.1 {= |log[y+(min.)/y+,org(max.)]|}. In other words, this suggests the larger dep dependence of logKD,M (or logKD,A), compared with its I and Iorg dependences. The suggestion is supported by the following results. The many dep values, except for KPic distribution at I = 0.0017 mol/L, were present in the range of 0.057 to 0.2 V in Table 2. The |dep/0.05916| terms {see Equations (7) & (10)} at 298 K corresponding to log y were calculated to be 0.96 to 3.3. At least, the deviation of about 0.1 in log(y+/y+,oDCBz) seems to be effective for deviations in the NB and DCE distribution systems.
3.6. Correlation between logKex and Dep or
Figure 3 shows a plot of logKex versus dep (see Table 2 & Appendix B) for the MPic distribution with M = Li-Cs and Ag into oDCBz. A regression line was logKex = (0.06 ± 0.30) − (19.7 ± 2.3) dep at R = 0.899 without the AgPic system (see the full circle in Figure 3 & Table 1). Thus we can see that the logKex values decrease with an increase in the dep values. Also, this fact suggests that the dep values are barriers to the distribution or extraction of M+ with Pic− (or Pic− with M+) into oDCBz. On the other hand, according to the Kex definition by the thermodynamic cycle, logKex is expressed as log (KD,MKD,AKMA,org). Introducing Equation (3) in this cycle, we immediately obtain
(7)
at T = 298 K. Comparing this equation with the experimental regression line, one can suppose that the experimental slope of −20 V−1 is close to the theoretical one of −17 at 298 (& 295) K. In addition to this fact, the logarithmic values of average
and KMPic,org were −3.8 ± 1.8 and 7.89 ± 0.89, respectively, and
was −2.737 (see Appendix B) for org = oDCBz at 295 K. A sum of the three values became +1.3 ± 2.0 (the approximate value calculated without the error of
). The estimated
value was in accord
Figure 3. Plot of logKex vs. dep (at 295 K) for the MPic distribution with M = Li-Cs into oDCBz. The broken line is a regression one (see the text) corresponding to Equation (7), except for the point (full circle) of the AgPic system.
with the intercept (= 0.1) of the plot within both the errors, ±2 for the estimated value and ±0.3 for the intercept. These results indicate that the regression line is essentially based on Equation (7). Also, from the above, it can be seen that the dep term is included in log Kex at least.
The same is also true of the plot of logKex versus
plot. This plot can come from the relation
(7a)
Additionally, the symbols, y− and y−,org, refer to the activity coefficients of A− in the
and org phases, respectively; y± and y±,org show their mean activity ones. The corresponding regression line with the MPic system was
at R = 0.903. Unfortunately, the slope and intercept were smaller than unity and the log (the product between
and the average of KMA,org) value of 5.2 (≈7.89 − 2.737) with the error of about ±0.9, respectively. While, the result obtained from the slope fixed at unity was
at R = 0.716. Considering 4.5 ≈ 5.2 + 2log(y±/y±,org), this improvement of the intercept suggests log(y±/y±,org) < 0. Similarly, from this result, it can be seen that the
term is included in log Kex.
3.7. On the I Dependence of logKex
In this section, using the data in Table 2, we tried to examine a dependence of logKex on the I values at 298 K. In general, it is empirically known that the Davies equation [12] is effective for analyzing the I dependences of equilibrium constants in the I ranges of less than 1 mol/L. Defining
as Kex based on the activity expression, we can obtain
(8)
where aj denotes the activities of j = M+ and A− in the w phase and aMA,org does that of MA in the org phase, being equal to a molar concentration [MA]org. Taking logarithms of both the sides of Equation (8) and then rearranging it, the following equation was obtained:
(8a)
with
(8b)
and
. (8c)
Hence, a non-linear regression analysis of the plots of logKex versus I1/2 can yield experimental
and A values.
Figure 4 shows an example of such plots. The regression line was logKex = (−1.54 ± 0.72) – 2 × (6.2 ± 2.0)f(I) at R = 0.875 for the LiPic distribution into oDCBz. Also, the lines for the NaPic and KPic distribution systems were logKex = (0.24 ± 0.74) – 2 ´ (7.3 ± 1.9)f(I ) at R = 0.885 and = (1.24 ± 0.67) – 2 ´ (13.6 ± 4.2)f(I ) at 0.916, respectively. These A values were 12- to 27-times larger than that {= 0.5114 (L/mol)1/2} calculated for pure water at 298 K. The
values for the MPic distribution were in the order M = Li < Na ≤ K {>Rb (
) < Cs (−1.14)}, where
denotes the average of
.
3.8. On the Iorg Dependence of logKMA,org
As similar to the I dependence of logKex, we considered
based on an
Figure 4. Plot of logKex vs. (I)1/2 for the LiPic distribution into oDCBz. The broken line was a regression one based on Equation (8a).
activity ex pression as follows.
(9)
Taking logarithms of the both sides of this equation and then rearranging it, the following equation was obtained:
(9a)
with
. (9b)
A plot of logKMA,org versus
can give a straight line with the slope of –2Aorg and the intercept of
.
Figure 5 shows an example of the NaPic distribution system with org = oDCBz. The broken line was the experimental regression one,
at R = 0.980. Similar results were obtained from the other two systems:
at R = 0.949 and
at 0.809. These Aorg values were 23- to 161-times larger than that {=11.3 (L/mol)1/2} calculated for pure oDCBz (= org) at 298 K. These results are similar to those of ADCE for the AgPic extraction system with benzo-18-crown-6 ether into DCE [14]. The
values at IoDCBz → 0 were in the order M = Li > Na > K (≤ Rb ≈ Cs, see Table 2). This order recalls that (Li > Na ≤ K) of
[19] in water potentiometrically-determined at 298 K to us. The difference in order between Na (=M) and K may reflect that between the water and oDCBz phases in the hydration to M+.
Figure 5. Plot of log KNaPic,org vs.
for the distribution into org = oDCBz. The broken line was a regression one based on Equation (9a).
3.9. On the Differences between
or KD,Cs Values in the NB, DCE, and oDCBz Systems
The
values determined with the present experiments (see Table 1) were much smaller than the values reported from the distribution [3] [8] [18] and electrochemical experiments [20]. Their values have been reported to be 6.3 [3] at I = x and 5.6 [8] at I → 0 for the NB systems; 5.396 [20] at [MgSO4]t = 1 mol/L and
(CV+: crystal violet cation) and 6.13 [18] at I → 0 for the DCE ones. Their experimental
values were obtained here to be 4.2 for NB and −1.4 for DCE (Table 1). These differences may be understood by the dep dependence of the
values, as described in the Section 3.5.
Although numbers of the data sets of
and I or Iorg were few, Equation (6) employed for A− has possibility for showing the I or Iorg dependence of the
values. So, using Equations (3) and (6), we can immediately derive the following basic equation:
(10)
with j = M+, A− and
. This expression can be an overall one about KD,j = [j]org/[j]. Table 3 summarizes variation of Equation (10) based on the conditions of I, Iorg, and dep. These equations can be classified into two groups in whether the equation contains the dep term or not. So this difference can give the larger difference in logKD,j between the two groups, such as Equations (10), (T3), (T4), and (T7) and Equations (6), (T5), (T6), and (T8). In particular, we can expect that differences in value among Equations (6), (T5), (T6), and (T8) are the smaller than those among Equations (10), (T3), (T4), and (T7), since log(yj/yj,org) ≈ ±0.1 and |dep/0.05916| = 1 to 3, as estimated above (the section 3.5).
Based on Equation (10) or (T1), we can handle the above data for the w/NB systems as follows. Using the relation
with A = 0.5114, b = 0.3, and ANB = 1.725 at
, we immediately obtained
at zj = −1. From
, the –16.90v – Af(x) + ANBu1/2 term at 298 K was obtained to be 2.1 at zj = −1. Also, using
, the –(f/2.303)v + ANBu1/2 term equals 1.4 with
. These cases suggest that the former of 6.3 is
{Equation (10) or (T1) in Table 3} and the latter of 5.6 is
{Equation (T4)}. Strictly speaking, it is difficult to compare 6.3 with 5.6.
Similarly, the relation
gave −1.4 as
with ADCE = 10.63 at
. For
, dep (= v) became −0.35 V with 5.396 + 0.5114f(0.87) − 10.63 × 0.00861/2 = 4.527 = −1.4 – 16.90v at b = 0.3 and 298 K: see Appendix C for the estimation of I = 0.867 and IDCE = 0.0086. The absolute value of this dep was in good agreement with the EI=0 value (=0.358 V) reported by the polarographic measurements at the w/DCE interface [20]. Moreover, from
, the –(f/2.303)v + ADCEu1/2 term at 298 K became 7.5 with
. As similar to the w/NB results, the former of 5.396 + Af(0.87) − ADCE × 0.00861/2 (= 4.53) is
{Equation (T7)} and the latter of 6.13 is
{Equation (T4)}. Therefore, we cannot directly compare 5.396 (or 4.53) with 6.13.
A half-wave potential for the Cs+ transfer across the w (1 mol/L MgSO4)/ oDCBz(0.05 CVBPh4) interface has been reported to be 0.12 V at 298 K [6]. It is well known that this value is generally close to the standard electrode potential (namely, its free energy) in electrochemical measurements. Reducing its value to logKD,Cs, it corresponds to −2.03. So, using
(see Section 3.5) based on the average value in Table 2, the following relation holds:
. Hence, the relation 16.90v + 11.3u1/2 ≈ 4.0 was obtained with
. Here, we were not able to estimate the dep and IoDCBz values, because the KMA,oDCBz value for
(the supporting electrolyte) in the oDCBz phase had not been found [6].
As another example, the
value has been reported to be −6.35 [21] for the CsPic distribution into DCE at 298 K. Similarly, the relation
holds. So, we can estimate its dep (=v) value to be −0.1 V at 298 K. In these cases, the former of −2.03 + Af(0.87) is approximately
{Equation (T4)} and the latter of −6.35 is
{Equation (T7)}.
Thus, these results support the above understanding about the conditional
or KD,Cs and self-consistently suggest that their values are functions [16] [22] containing dep, I, and Iorg, that is,
or
. Also, the condition of dep = 0 V gives
. From such an equation, we can see that the apparent I or Iorg values, such as [supporting electrolyte]t, [MA]t, and [MA]t,org, are not effective for estimating
(or
), but their practical I or Iorg values become more effective. This indicates that comparing such conditional KD.A and KD,M values is very difficult. Especially, it is very important for evaluating the KD,BPh4 value, because
is the standard material in the
determination, as described in the introduction.
4. Conclusions
The logKex and logKMA,org values were well expressed by Equation (8a) with I and Equation (9a) with Iorg, respectively. Now, it is unclear why the experimental A and Aorg values are much larger than their theoretical ones. Also, the MA distribution experiments based on the Vorg/V variation provided us a procedure for the
or
determination under the constant condition of I, namely V[A−] = V[M+] = a constant value. So, in the single MA distribution, we could get the experimental procedure without the addition of any ionic strength conditioners (ISC) into the w phase. Besides, by introducing
,
, or
in the KD,M expression, a possibility for interpreting differences among various experimental values of KD,M or KD,A was shown with Equation (10). The effect of the activity coefficients terms for both the phases on the
determination was smaller than that of the dep term at least. This result indicates that the
term is approximately proportional to the −(depexpl.1 − depexpl.2) one by using Equation (T7) for the same A− and diluent. In comparing various experimental KD,A or KD,M values, readers need a suitable attention to the experimental concentrations of the salts, the supporting electrolytes, and ISC added in both phases. So, it is difficult to critically evaluate various KD,M or KD,A values without such a precise description of experimental conditions.
From the above, we propose a clear description of the I and Iorg conditions in the distribution experiments at least. If possible, ion-pair formation or ion association data for the supporting electrolytes or ISC in the phases should be also added.
Appendix A
We derived Equation (3a) as follows. First, the following reasonable conditions in the present distribution system were assumed for the derivation: (C1) dep+ = dep−, (C2) KD,+ = KD,−, and (C3)
.
(A) Derivation of a basic equation starting from (C1). Next, we obtained from Equation (3) the relation
(A1)
with f = F/RT. Applying (C3) to this relation and rearranging it, the following equation was derived.
(A2)
(B) Derivation of another equation based on (C2). Similarly, using
, we rearranged Equation (3) as
(A3)
Introducing Equation (A3) in
{another expression of Equation (3)}, we can immediately obtain
under the condition of (C2). Rearranging this equation based on (C1) can yield
(A4)
Here, we define
as dep± and accordingly this means dep+ = dep− = dep±.
Lastly, adding Equation (A2) in Equation (A4) in each side and then rearranging it give the equation
(A5)
Also, subtracting Equation (A4) from Equation (A2) in each side and then rearranging it give
(A6)
These equations, (A5) and (A6), are applicable to the MA distribution system with the univalent anion A− and that with the cation M+, respectively. Therefore, the combination of Equations (A5) and (A6) becomes Equation (3a) with the relations of
and
.
Appendix B
The IoDCBz value for the oDCBz solution in 0.01 mol/L CA and the I value for the 0.0035 mol/L Li2SO4 solution were estimated in the following way. Here, the symbol CA means PNP+DCC− [5], μ-nitrido-bis(triphenylphosphorus) 3,3-como-bis(undecahydro-1,2-dicarba-3-cobalta-closododecarbo)ate. The association constant (KCA,org) for
in the oDCBz (= org) solution of 0.01 mol/L CA at 295 K has been reported to be 2 × 103 L/mol from conductivity data [5]. From the quadratic equation for [C+]org (= [A−]org), therefore, we obtained
(A7)
with KCA = 2 × 103. This [C+]org value basically equals the IoDCBz one.
Similarly, the association constant (
) for
in the aqueous solution of I = 0.244 mol/kg at 298 K has been reported to be 100.77 kg/mol [23]. Therefore,
(A8)
with
and I ≈ 0.0102 mol/L under the condition of [LiSO4]t = 0.0035 mol/L [24] in the w phase at 298 K.
On the basis of the above calculation, the
value (= −2.277 [5]) was changed into the
one as follows. According to Equation (T7) in Table 3, the relation
(A9)
holds in this case at 298 K. Using x ≈ 0.0102 mol/L and u = 0.0020 with b = 0.3 for the oDCBz systems, we immediately obtained
. This value was assumed to be that at I and IoDCBz → 0 (see the text) and then employed for the
evaluation with
in this study. Also, the dep values at 298 K in Table 2 were calculated from the rearranged equation of Equation (3a):
(A10)
Appendix C
As similar to Appendix B, the I and IDCE values for the w(1 mol/L MgSO4)/DCE(0.05 CVBPh4) system were evaluated. The thermodynamic association constant (
) for
(=MgA) in water at 298 K has been reported to be 135 L/mol [24]. With the successive approximation method, its [Mg2+] (=[
]) in the total concentration, [MgSO4]t = 1 mol/L [20], can be evaluated to be 0.217 mol/L, which was calculated from the equation
(A11)
Consequently, the I (=4[Mg2+]) value of the aqueous
solution with 1 mol/L MgSO4 became 0.867 mol/L at which KMgA was estimated to be 16.7 L/mol. In this computation, the KMgA value was evaluated from
. Accordingly, logy− = −0.114 at I = 0.867 was approximately obtained from
for the
solution. Here, the symbol KMgA denotes the concentration equilibrium constant. The estimated log y− value suggests the ion-pair formation of
in water.
Similarly, the association constant (KCVA,DCE) for
in the DCE solution of 0.05 mol/L crystal violet cation CV+ with
at 298 K has been reported to be 560 L/mol [20]. Therefore,
(A12)
which equals the IDCE value.