1. Introduction
Retrorectal cystic hamartomas (RCH), or tailgut cysts, are rare congenital presacral lesions that arise from an aberrant remnant of postnatal hindgut due to incomplete involution during embryological development [1]. According to the literature, malignant transformation of the epithelial or stromal components of RCH may occur in up to 14% of patients [2]. Adenocarcinoma is the most frequently described histological type, followed by carcinoid tumors [2] [3] [4] [5].
It is most common in middle-aged women and usually is discovered incidentally or on the study of pain, rectal bleeding, or symptoms related to mass effect on the rectum or bladder [6]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most useful exam for diagnosis and preoperative planning [7]. Biopsy should be performed in unresectable or locally advanced cases, in order to define the best therapeutic strategy [2].
Complete surgical resection is the standard treatment if possible [3]. Systemic treatment depends on histology and stage. Adjuvant radio-chemotherapy and palliative chemotherapy including 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin have been reported for adenocarcinomas [8] [9] [10] [11].
Prognosis for RCH with malignant transformation depends on complete surgical resection, tumour histology and grade, with local recurrences and distant metastasis occasionally reported [12]. Follow-up is clinical, with imaging according to clinical history and examination [12].
The authors describe a case of a 53-year-old female patient with a localized well-differentiated adenocarcinoma that developed in a retrorectal cystic hamartoma, after obtaining her consent. Given the rarity of this entity, we aimed to reflect on questions such as the differential diagnosis, therapeutic approach and patients’ follow-up.
2. Case Report
A 53-year-old female patient presented with a history of a few weeks of pelvic pain, in May 2017. She had no relevant comorbidities. Digital rectal examination revealed a fixed, hard, posterior mass at 4 - 5 cm of the anal margin, with normal mucosa. No other relevant findings on the physical exam were present.
A pelvic MRI showed an oval lesion, in the pre-sacral and right para-rectal area, with lobulated contours, measuring 5 × 3 × 3.5 cm, with heterogeneous signal intensity, and with preservation of the adipose plane with the rectal ampulla (Figure 1). The colonoscopy showed a bulge in the rectum, at 7 - 11 cm from the anal margin, covered by normal mucosa, suggestive of extrinsic compression (Figure 2). A thoraco-abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) was performed and did not show any evidence of suspicious lymph nodes or distant metastasis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) wasn’t elevated. The histological exam, of a CT-guided biopsy, reported intestinal-type adenocarcinoma structures imbedded in desmoplastic fibrous connective tissue. A positron-emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) showed the para-rectal lesion with a SUV max of 11.8, with no other areas of 18-FDG fixation.
The patient underwent a Kraske procedure with an en bloc segmental rectal resection (Figure 3), on December 5th, 2017. The invasion of S4 and S5 was reported intraoperatively. The postoperative period occured without complications. The histological result confirmed an intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, co-existing with a multiloculated cystic lesion covered by columnar epithelium with areas of lowand high grades dysplasia, with extensive lymphovascular and perineural permeation, and marked rupture phenomena (Figure 4). Infiltration of adjacent soft tissues and sacrum (focally) was present but without invasion of the rectum wall. The upper and anterior soft tissues margins were positive for tumour involvement.
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Figure 1. Pelvic MRI showing an oval lesion, in the pre-sacral and right para-rectal area (T1 sequence with venous contrast (a)), with lobulated contours, measuring 5 × 3 × 3.5 cm, with heterogeneous signal intensity, and with preservation of the adipose plane with the rectal ampulla (T2 sequence (b)).
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Figure 2. Colonoscopy showing a bulge in the rectum, at 7 - 11 cm from the anal margin, covered by normal mucosa, suggestive of extrinsic compression.
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Figure 3. Macroscopic image of a predominantly whitish and hardened neoplasm, with 4.9 × 4 × 3 cm, containing a cavitated area, multiloculated and with brownish content, with 2.5 cm.
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Figure 4. Histological result confirming an intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (a), co-existing with a multiloculated cystic lesion (b).
Three lymph nodes were isolated and none of them were metastasized. The histological evaluation concluded that the tumour was a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma that developed in a RCH. Two months after surgery, a pelvic MRI and PET-CT were repeated, and no images were suspicious of persistence/recurrence of disease.
The patient subsequently received adjuvant radiotherapy (45 Gy to the regional lymph nodes and 54 Gy to the surgical bed and sacrum, 1.8 Gy per fraction, through Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, Figure 5) with concomitant chemotherapy (capecitabine 825 mg/m2 q12h), between March 20th and April 27th 2018, without interruptions and with no record of relevant toxicities.
Follow-up has been performed with clinical evaluation and pelvic MRI every three to four months, with no evidence of disease recurrence, 23 months after surgery.
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Figure 5. Radiotherapy planning in the sagittal (6) and axial plan (7), to give 45 Gy to the regional lymph nodes and 54 Gy to the surgical bed and sacrum, 1.8 Gy per fraction, through Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy.
3. Discussion
RCH have an estimated overall incidence of 1 in 40,000, but more frequent imaging exams and advances in diagnostic techniques are leading to an increased identification of cases [13] [14].
Malignant transformation of RCH to adenocarcinoma was first described in 1931 [15]. Although rare, malignancy was described in up to 14% of patients with RCH, enhancing the importance of the inclusion of this entity in the differential diagnosis of a retrorectal mass [2]. These lesions should be distinguished from others which may occur in that localization, such as teratomas, epidermal cysts, rectal duplication cysts, anal gland cysts and anal gland carcinomas.
MRI is the most helpful investigation exam, with a diagnostic accuracy of 100% in defining the lesion, and a reported positive predictive value of 100% for malignancy [12]. The preoperative biopsy for RCH is controversial, especially with the improvement in the imaging tools and also due to biopsy-related complications such as infection, hematoma, and needle track implants [16]. However, in this case where the concern about malignant degeneration was high, the advantage was that it could help with optimal planning of surgical approach and adjuvant therapy, and also in the information about prognosis.
Complete surgical excision is the therapy of choice and the most common surgical approach described is via a posterior para-sacral incision, particularly for lesions below the level of S3 or the sacral promontory [6]. This approach is safe and is associated with low risk of local recurrence, although fistulas to the rectum may be more common than in others situations [3]. Unfortunately, in this case surgery was R1, as the upper and anterior margins of the soft tissues were positive. The sacral bone margins were not involved, which reinforces the relevance of the trans-sacral resection. Attending to histological type and localization of these tumours, we should debate if there is a place for preoperative radio-chemotherapy to improve R0 resections, in analogy to what is performed in rectal cancers.
Because of the small number of patients with malignancy in published series of RCH, no significant conclusions can be drawn regarding local or distant recurrence [3]. According to histology and R1 surgery, our patient was proposed for complementary treatment with radio-chemotherapy, remaining without evidence of disease after approximately two years of follow-up. Nevertheless, the patient is being closely monitored, clinically and with radiological exams. In case of unresectable local recurrence or distant metastasis, and although only palliative chemotherapy including 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin have been reported, maybe we should consider association regimens, such as with oxaliplatin or irinotecan, according to what is done, nowadays, in colorectal tumours.
4. Conclusion
RCH with malignant transformation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a retrorectal mass. After a trimodal treatment, our patient is being closely monitored and remains free from disease recurrence for almost two years. This case reinforces the importance of the multidisciplinary approach in such challenging situations.
Acknowledgements
Radiology Department of IPO Porto, by providing the MRI images.