Percentage Change on FDG-PET/CT Predicts Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy in Esophageal Cancer ()
1. Introduction
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1] and most patients have locally advanced disease at diagnosis. Currently, the standard of care for patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal or esophagogastric junctional cancer is neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCTX) or chemotherapy (CTX) followed by surgical resection [2] [3]. However, for squamous cell carcinoma, two randomized trials have reported no survival benefits of surgery [4] [5] and for this reason, there is a growing interest in selecting patients who could be treated by non-invasive tests rather than surgery.
Nowadays, the value of FDG-PET/CT for restaging after induction treatment is not clear and international guidelines differ in their recommendations. Limited studies suggest that PET/CT imaging detects distant metastases following induction RCTX [6] and some centers routinely order a post-induction PET/CT approximately four weeks after the completion of treatment as a method to assess for distant metastatic disease. In addition, post-induction-therapy FDG-PET provides information on the metabolic response in the primary tumor that may be clinically useful in the selection of subsequent therapy [7]. However, others have failed to find a correlation between the post-RCTX SUV on PET and pathologic response at the time of resection [8].
According to current evidence, the main use of PET-CT in the revaluation of EC may be to recognize which patients are not responding to induction CTX [9]. However, there is limited evidence according to the role of PET-CT after RCTX. For this reason, the aim of this study was to assess the role of FDG-PET/CT in response evaluation to neoadjuvant RCT in the EC and determine whether the changes in FDG-PET/CT uptake between pre/and post-induction treatment could be related to the persistence or not of tumor.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Patients
Fifty-six patients with locally advanced EC treated between April 2013 and November 2016 were evaluated retrospectively following approval by the local ethics committee. All patients were required to have staging with a physical examination, endoscopic/ultrasonography and cervical/thoracic/abdominal CT. The eighth edition of the TNM staging was used. All of them had at least 2 FDG-PET/CT studies, one before RCTX with PET/CT1 as a baseline and the other after treatment (PET/CT2). No patient had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The images were confirmed by histopathology.
2.2. FDG-PET/CT STAGING (PET/CT1)
Image acquisition procedures have been described elsewhere [10]. In summary, all patients fasted for at least 6 h before the FDG-PET/CT examination. They were injected with 4 MBq/kg body weight of 18FDG and then rested for about 1 h in a quiet room before imaging. CT acquisition parameters were: 100 kV, 80 - 250 mA, slice thickness of 2.5 mm. It was used both for the attenuation correction of PET data and to locate the FDG uptake in PET images. PET scanning was performed covering the same axial range for 2 min per bed position (total of 3 - 5 bed positions). Both PET and CT acquisition were performed during free breathing. Data were reconstructed using an ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), 3D algorithm (3D Iterative) and attenuation correction derived from CT data. The average acquisition time of the images was between 12 - 16 minutes. The maximal standardized tumor uptake values (SUVmax) were normalized by lean body mass (LBM). The FDG-PET image was normalized to the physiological FDG uptake in the liver and, after identifying the primary tumor as a region of interest (ROI), the SUVmax was obtained from the most metabolically active lesion.
2.3. Treatment and Follow-Up
Patients underwent RCTX or neoadjuvant CTX. The radiotherapy (RTX) was delivered using a three-dimensional conformal technique. Median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated according to Visual analysis of nuclear medicine physicians [11] and the clinical target volume (CTV) according to the ESTRO and EORTC-RTOG recommendations [12]. It consisted of the primary lesions and regional nodal regions with a 3 to 5 cm craniocaudal and 1 to 2 cm circumferential margin. The CTX treatment scheme was CDDP-5FU or EOX according to histology. Surgical resection was performed on 16 patients. The decision on local resectability was taken by a multidisciplinary committee and depended on tumor infiltration into neighboring structures, distant metastases and absence/presence of uptake of FDG-PET/CT. The histopathological response was measured according to the Mandard tumor regression grade scoring system [13]. Patients were followed up every 3 - 6 months. Locoregional control was defined as “time until proven recurrence”. Overall survival was defined as “time until death”.
2.4. FDG-PET/CT Re-Evaluation (PET/CT2)
All patients were re-evaluated by PET/CT2, in the same nuclear medicine department and PET/CT2 was carried out 3 months after RCTX. The response by PET/CT was measured in absolute terms and as a percentage reduction in SUVmax. No other assessment parameters were used (such as metabolic tumor volume, total lesion glycolysis or SUVmean) because they are not usually used in clinical practice.
2.5. Image Interpretation and Analysis
Image analysis procedures have already been described [14]. The PET images were evaluated qualitatively (visual inspection) and semiquantitatively (SUVs). PET/CT2 scans were interpreted and correlated with clinical information and the initial PET/CT1. Patients were classified into 3 groups: persistence of disease (PET/CT2 shows loco/regional disease or progression), complete metabolic response (SUVmax on PET/CT2 ≤ 3) and unspecific FDG uptake. A team of experienced nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists defined whether persistence or non-persistence of disease. They evaluated tumor recurrence at the anastomosis site of the resected primary tumor based on a visual analysis on the PET-CT scan. The following characteristics were used to describe FDG uptake on fused PET-CT images: the asymmetric of the uptake and the extend of FDG uptake, whereas malignant uptake tends to be focal, eccentric, and benign uptake (due to RT or reflux esophagitis) tends to be diffuse and concentric. Suspect lesions were confirmed by biopsy or by radiological and clinical follow-up. Patients who underwent surgery were not classified in these groups.
The SUVmax values of the esophageal tumor and lymph nodes on PET/CT images were collected. Percentages of change in SUV were calculated as (PET/CT1 SUV – PET/CT2 SUV) × 100/PET/CT1 SUV. There are studies that have divided these into subcategories according to percentage change but there are no generally accepted threshold values [15] [16]. In the present study, all uptakes were divided into two groups according to the percentage of change in the SUV (≥75% and <75%). We used this value because we found the persistence group had a percentage of change in SUV tumor of 72.95%.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and comparison between groups was made by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional models were used and a value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. SPSS v. 22.00 was used for statistical analysis.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
Median follow-up of patients was 20.4 months (range: 4.2 - 56.5 weeks). Figure 1 shows a profile of this studyin which 56 patients were assessed (men = 47, women = 9, with median age 62.7 years (± 8.2). The patients’ characteristics are provided in Table 1. Sixteen patients (28.6%) underwent surgery according to the response and 40 patients (71.4%) were treated without surgery.
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Table 1. Patients’ characteristics and findings on PET/CT1.
3.2. Findings on PET/CT1
Fourteen patients were found to have stage II disease and 42 patients had stage III. The mean SUVmax values of the esophageal tumor were 12.08 (range 0 - 30.2) and 37 patients had clinically involved lymph nodes on PET/CT images: N0 (33.9%), N1 (48.2%), N3 (17.9%). The mean SUVmax values of the metastatic lymph nodes were 3.94 (range 0 - 16.1). Details of findings on PET/CT1 are shown in Table 1.
3.3. Findings on PET/CT2
• Post-treatment tumoral and node evaluation
Thirteen patients (23.2%) were found to have persistence of disease, a complete metabolic response was shown in 17 patients (30.4%) and 10 patients (17.9%) were found to have unspecific FDG uptake (with/without residual disease). 16 patients (28.6%) underwent an operation.
The mean SUVmax values of the esophageal tumor were 3.8 (range 0 - 24.7). The mean SUVmax values of the metastatic lymph nodes were 0.8 (range 0 - 8.8). 13 patients had clinically involved lymph nodes on PET/CT2 images: N0 (76.8%), N1 (19.6%), none with N3.
All patients had a mean decrease in tumor uptake of 68.4% (SD: 33.2%) and 55 patients had a mean decrease in node uptake of 81.6% (SD: 33.6%), except 1 patient who had an increased node uptake. There was no correlation between the decrease in tumor or node uptake and the time between PET1 and PET2.
• Changes between PET/CT1 and PET/CT2
Patients were categorized according to follow-up into 2 groups: patients with persistence of disease or progression (Persistence) and patients with disease-free time (No persistence). Suspect lesions were confirmed. Patients who underwent surgery were excluded. These results were compared with the percentage of tumor change between both tests. A significant difference was found between the persistence group and the non-persistence group regarding the percentage change in SUVtumor (72.95% vs 54.12%) and post-treatment SUVtumor, and regarding the percentage change in SUVnode (89.91% vs 59.91%) and post-treatment SUVnode (Table 2).
Secondly, we divided the patients into 2 groups according to treatment received: RCTX or only CTX. No patient was treated with the only RTX. In patients treated with RCTX, a significant difference was found between the persistence group and the no persistence group regarding the percentage change in
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Table 2. Comparison between persistence and non-persistence on PET/CT imaging.
SUVtumor (58.02% vs 78.59%). Regarding percentage change in SUVnode no difference was found (Table 3). Regarding the percentage change in SUVnode, no differences were found.
3.4. Pathological Response
Sixteen patients underwent surgical resection. Pathological findings were: G1 (absence of residual tumor): 3.6%, G2 (rare residual tumor over a lot of fibrosis): 5.4%, G3 (predominate fibrosis over residual tumor): 1.8%, G4 (more residual tumor than fibrosis) 12.5%, G5 (absence of response): 3.6% and 1 unknown. Six patients had been treated with CTX and 10 patients with RCTX. Nine patients were adenocarcinoma and 7 patients squamous carcinoma. Most of them were gastroesophageal junction tumors (13/16). According to the degree of tumor response, no differences were observed between PET/CT1 and PET/CT2. However, we observed differences in SUVnode of PET/CT1 between tumors with a low degree or high degree of response to treatment (p = 0.016).
3.5. Overall Survival and Outcomes
Mean overall survival time was 24.18 months; 11.82 months in patients with persistence on PET/CT2 and 29.27 months in patients without persistence on PET/CT2. Patients who underwent surgery were excluded.
On univariate analysis, the overall survival rate was related to the percentage of change in the SUVtumor and SUVnode. The group of ≥75% of change SUVtumor showed a median survival of 37.32 months (IC: 95% = 49.93 - 24.70) and the group of <75% of change SUVtumor showed a median survival of 18.39 months (IC: 95% = 25.14 - 11.65) (p = 0.04; Figure 2). However, the group of ≥75% change SUVnode showed a median survival of 20.56 months (IC: 95% = 25.56 - 14.57) and the group of <75% change SUVnode showed a median survival of 17.24 months (IC: 95% = 27.60 - 60.87) (p = 0.14: Figure 2).
Finally, we compared differences in SUVmax values of the esophageal tumor and lymph nodes between PET/CT1 and PET/CT2 according to the pattern of relapse. In patients with metastatic relapse, a significant difference was found regarding the percentage change in SUVnode (94.63% vs. 74.09%).
4. Discussion
Currently, the value of FDG-PET/CT in treatment response assessment of EC is not clear, above all after treatment with RCTX. Some studies indicate PET-CT is
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Table 3. Comparison between treatments received on PET/CT imaging.
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Figure 2. Overall survival rate for percentage of change SUVtumor (a); p = 0.004, and for percentage of change SUVnode (b), p = 0.14.
useful in the reevaluation of treatment [17] and could even be useful in diagnosing a metabolic complete response. The MUNICON trial confirmed the usefulness of an early metabolic evaluation in patients with ADC treated only with neoadjuvant CT [9]. However, other studies have not been able to find a correlation between post-treatment SUV and the pathological response at the time of resection [8]. Even the guidelines differ in their recommendations, NCCN® guidelines recommend routinely performing a reassessment PET-CT after 4 weeks after completing the treatment, however UPTODATE® recommend not using PET-CT after treatment to select surgical patients until there is no more evidence in this regard.
In addition, although it is currently considered that the optimal treatment of EC is neoadjuvant RCTX or CT followed by surgery, there are studies have questioned the need for esophagectomy after achieving a complete pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment, especially in SCC [7], so non-invasive tests are needed to select patients who respond to initial treatment. A systematic review of 2017 with 697 patients concluded that the available data are contradictory to conclude that FDG-PET has a predictive value in the EC, although there were relevant results that would support its use for the individual therapeutic decision [18].
For this reason, our aim was to analyze the role of FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of the response to neoadjuvant RCT in the EC. Our results indicate that changes between PET1 and PET2 to predict complete metabolic response. A significant difference was found between the persistence group and the non-persistence group regarding the percentage change in SUVtumor (72.95% vs. 54.12%) and post-treatment SUVtumor, and regarding the percentage change in SUVnode (89.91% vs. 59.91%) and post-treatment SUVnode. This difference was maintained between patients receiving RCT, despite the increased uptake that can be caused by inflammation by RTX [19]. In addition, group of patients with ≥75% of change SUVtumor showed a better overall survival than group of patients with <75%. The selection of the cut-off value of the percentage of tumor change may be important. The range of cut-off values varies widely by different studies, but none have been considered as optimal [20]. Smithers et al. [15] observed the mean percentage change in SUV in the histological responders group was −56.8% (SD 29) and in the non-responders −27.8% (SD 32.1) (P = 0.035). Brücher et al. [16] concluded that in responders FDG uptake decreased by 72% ± 11% and in non-responders it decreased by only 42% ± 22%. We use this value in our study because we found the persistence group had a percentage of change in SUVtumor of 72.95%.
There are studies that indicate that a complete pathological response is associated with better survival [21] however, studies only provide conflicting results regarding the utility of FDG-PET images to predict the histopathological response of the primary tumor after neoadjuvant treatment. In addition, optimal PET parameters have not been established to assess the response to treatment, which provides an additional confounding factor. Arnett et al. [8] found no correlation between tumor pathological response and PET findings although, similar to our results, patients with a large tumor reduction after RCT had better results. Otherwise, Cerfolio et al. [22] supported the usefulness of SUVmax as a predictor of pathological response in a study with 86 patients. Similar to our results, they concluded that patients with reduction of 64% in FDG-PET uptake could predict a complete pathological response, but no relationship with survival was found.
Neoadjuvant treatment could also be a factor to consider. It is known that CTX and RTX affect carbohydrate metabolism in tumor cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated a transient increase in early FDG uptake after exposure to CTX [23], however a similar increase has not been described in vivo. Furthermore, the RTX directly affects the metabolic activity of tumor cells and induces an inflammatory reaction with increased FDG uptake [24], which can mask a metabolic response. Therefore, radiation-induced esophagitis could affect the measurement of FDG uptake by the tumor. However, in our study the difference between the percentage of change between patients with or without persistence of disease was maintained in the group treated with RCTX. In order to minimize these unwanted effects, PET/CT should be carried out 8 - 12 weeks after RCTX.
It is important to note that our study has several limitations, including its retrospective nature and its analysis of a small number of patients with heterogeneous characteristics. Also, most of our patients were SCC and were treated with RCTX without surgery, because they had a histopathologically confirmed complete response. This was caused because the patients were systematically collected from the usual clinical practice, without attending to the histology or neoadjuvant treatment received. Therefore, results cannot be compared with other studies in which patients were subsequently operated. In our hospital, patients were selected for the high percentage of PET-CT response and for the clinical information of other tests such as endoscopy or biopsy of the suspicious area.
Another limitation might be the method of metabolic uptake measurements. According to Vallbohmer et al. [25] many factors influence SUV measurements, such as size, measurement duration, plasma glucose concentration, recovery coefficient, partial volume and ROI selection. Other parameters than SUVmax could have been analyzed as MTV (metabolic tumorvolumen), TLG (total lesion glycolysis) or SUVmean, but our patients and their PET-CT were collected from the usual clinical practice, and SUVmax is the value usually used in our hospital.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, our findings indicate that PET/CT imaging might be a standard component of the reevaluation of all locally advanced EC patients, especially to identify patients with or without persistence of tumor disease. The present study provides more evidence of the ability of changes between PET/CT1 vs. PET/CT2 to evaluate tumor response after RCTX. In the future, changes produced between both PET/CTs could be used to decide which patients should undergo surgery. More studies are needed to evaluate post-treatment changes in PET/CT in EC.
Support/Funding
No Financial Support/Funding Statement.