Solving Intuitionistic Fuzzy Linear Programming Problem

Arpita Kabiraj¹, Prasun Kumar Nayak², Swapan Raha¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Sciences), Santiniketan, India.
²Department of Mathematics, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, India.

DOI: 10.4236/ijis.2019.91003                

Abstract

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS) can be used as a general tool for modeling problems of decision making under uncertainty where, the degree of rejection is defined simultaneously with the degree of acceptance of a piece of information in such a way that these degrees are not complement to each other. Accordingly, an attempt is made to solve intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problems using a technique based on an earlier technique proposed by Zimmermann to solve fuzzy linear programming problem. Our proposed technique does not require the existing ranking of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. This method is also different from the existing weight assignment method or the Angelov’s method. A comparative study is undertaken and interesting results have been presented.

Keywords

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set, Intuitionistic Index, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Linear Programming Problem, Fuzzy Linear Programming Problem

1. Introduction

Optimization problems exhibit some level of imprecisions and vagueness. Such phenomena have been well-captured through fuzzy sets in modeling these problems. Applications of fuzzy set theory in optimization of decisions have been studied extensively ever since the introduction of fuzzy sets. The theory of fuzzy sets proposed by Zadeh is a realistic and practical means to describe the objective world that we live in and has also been successfully applied in various other fields.

In decision making problems, the concept of maximizing decision under uncertainty was proposed by Bellman and Zadeh [1] . This concept was adopted to problems of mathematical programming by Tanaka and others. Zimmermann [2] presented a fuzzy approach to multi-objective linear programming problems. He also studied the duality relations in fuzzy linear programming. Fuzzy linear programming problem (FLPP) with fuzzy coefficients was formulated by Negoita [3] and called robust programming. Dubois and Prade investigated linear fuzzy constraints [4] . Tanaka and Asai also proposed a formulation of fuzzy linear programming with fuzzy constraints and suggested a method for its solution which is based on inequality relation between fuzzy numbers [5] . This ranking of fuzzy numbers is an important issue in the study of optimization using fuzzy set theory.

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the study of decision making problems under uncertainty with intuitionistic fuzzy sets/numbers [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Out of several higher order fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy set introduced by Atanassov [11] [12] [13] [14] has been found to be highly useful in dealing with imprecision. Since this fuzzy set generalization can present the degrees of membership and non-membership of an element of the set with a degree of hesitancy, the knowledge and semantic representation becomes more meaningful and applicable. Authors in [15] presented an overview on IFS viz., some definitions, basic operations, some algebra, modal operators and also its normalization. Later, D. Dubey [16] proposed an approach based on value and ambiguity indices to solve LPPs with data as Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers. Parvathi and Malathi [17] [18] worked on the intuitionistic fuzzy decisive set method which, is a combination of bisection method and phase one of the simplex method to obtain a feasible solution. In [19] , the authors described a method to approximate a TIFN to a nearly approximated interval number. The average ranking index is also introduced here to find out order relations between two TIFNs. On ranking intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, some work had been reported in the literature. Mitchell [20] considered the problem of ranking a set of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to define a fuzzy rank and a characteristic vagueness factor for each intuitionistic fuzzy number. Ranking using score function is introduced in [21] . Here, all the arithmetic operations of TIFN are based on $\left(\alpha \mathrm{,}\beta \right)$ -cut method. Ranking of intuitionistic fuzzy number with expected interval is introduced in [22] . A. N. Gani, S. Abbas [23] worked on a new average method for finding an optimal solution for an intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem. The main feature of this method is that it requires very simple arithmetical calculations and avoids large number of iterations. An accuracy function to defuzzify TIFN is also used here. The concept of an intuitionistic fuzzy set is a generalization of the concept of a fuzzy set.

Angelov [24] proposed optimization in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Hussain and Kumar [25] [26] [27] and Nagoor Gani and Abbas [23] proposed a method for solving intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem. Ye [28] discussed expected value method for intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy multicriteria decision-making problems. Wan and Dong [29] used possibility degree method for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers for decision making.

In this paper, our aim is to propose a method to solve intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem (IFLPP) using a technique based on an earlier technique proposed by Zimmermann [2] for solving fuzzy linear programming problems. First, we represent such an uncertain optimization problem in the form of a LPP where each of the coefficients of the objective and the constraints are considered as IFS’s and the inequalities as intuitionistic fuzzy inequalities. These IFS’s are first defuzzified based on maximum membership and is translated into a LPP with crisp coefficients and intuitionistic inequalities. Next, the reduced IFO problem is restructured according to Bellman and Zadeh to an ordinary LPP where decisions are based on maximum membership and minimum non-membership. This technique does not require the existing ranking of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. This method is also different from the Weight assignment method, Angelov’s method as well as the modified subgradient method to solve IFLPP using FLPP technique. A comparative study is performed and interesting results are presented.

The paper is organized in six sections. The introductory section is followed by presentation of some basic concepts necessary for the development of a mechanism for solving intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problems. In this section, basic concept of Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (TIFN) is described. In Section 3, we discuss fuzzy linear programming problem and introduce a new method analogous with it, to solve IFLPP when both the coefficient matrix of the constraints and cost coefficients are intuitionistic fuzzy in nature. In Section 4, there is a comparative study between some of the other optimization techniques with our proposed technique for solving an intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem. Section 5 concludes the present paper and refers to some problems for further studies which is followed by a list of references in the last section.

2. Preliminaries

Definition 1 [19] Let $U=\left\{x_1,x_2,\cdots ,x_n\right\}$ be a finite universal set. An Intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) $\tilde{A}$ in a given universal set U is an object having the form

$\tilde{A}=\left\{\langle x_j,{\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right),{\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\rangle :x_j\in U\right\}$

where the functions ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}U\to \left[\mathrm{0,1}\right]$ and ${\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\mathrm{<mo>\; :\; </mo>}U\to \left[\mathrm{0,1}\right]$ respectively define the degree of membership and the degree of non-membership of an element $x_j\in U$ , such that they satisfy the following conditions:

$0\le {\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)+{\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\le \mathrm{1,\; <mi>\; </mi>}\forall x_j\in U\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}$

known as intuitionistic condition. The degree of acceptance ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)$ and of non-acceptance ${\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)$ can be arbitrary.

Definition 2 [17] For all $\tilde{A}\in IFS\left(U\right)$ , let ${\pi }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)=1-{\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)-{\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)$ , which is called the Atanassov’s intuitionistic index of the element $x_j$ in the set $\tilde{A}$ or the degree of uncertainty or the indeterministic part of $x_j$ or a measure of hesitation. Obviously, $0\le {\pi }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)\le 1$ ; $\forall x_j\in U$ . When ${\pi }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)=0,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}\forall x\in U$ , i.e., ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)+{\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)=1$ , $\tilde{A}$ becomes a fuzzy set. Therefore, a fuzzy set is a special Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS).

Definition 3 [15] Let $\tilde{A}$ and $\tilde{B}$ be two Atanassov’s IFSs defined on U. $\tilde{A}\subset \tilde{B}$ if and only if ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\le {\mu }_{\tilde{B}}\left(x_j\right)$ and ${\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\ge {\nu }_{\tilde{B}}\left(x_j\right)$ ; for any $x_j\in U$ .

Definition 4 [15] Let $\tilde{A}$ and $\tilde{B}$ be two Atanassov’s IFSs defined on U. $\tilde{A}=\tilde{B}$ if and only if ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)={\mu }_{\tilde{B}}\left(x_j\right)$ and ${\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)={\nu }_{\tilde{B}}\left(x_j\right)$ ; for all $x_j\in U$ .

Definition 5 [19] An intuitionistic fuzzy set A of U is said to be normal if $\exists \mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{x}_0\in U$ such that ${\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_0\right)=1$ , (so ${\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_0\right)=0$ ).

Definition 6 [19] A subset $\left(\alpha \mathrm{,}\beta \right)$ -cut of U, generated by IFS $\tilde{A}$ , where $\alpha \mathrm{,}\beta \in \left[\mathrm{0,1}\right]$ are fixed numbers such that $\alpha +\beta \le 1$ is defined as

${\tilde{A}}_{\alpha ,\beta }=\left\{x_j\in U:{\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\ge \alpha ,{\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x_j\right)\le \beta \right\}.$

Thus, the $\left(\alpha \mathrm{,}\beta \right)$ -cut of an intuitionistic fuzzy set to be denoted by ${\tilde{A}}_{\left(\alpha \mathrm{,}\beta \right)}$ , is defined as the crisp set of elements x which belong to $\tilde{A}$ at least to the degree $\alpha$ and which does not belong to $\tilde{A}$ at most to the degree $\beta$ .

Definition 7 [19] An intuitionistic fuzzy number (IFN) ${\tilde{A}}^j$ is

1) an intuitionistic fuzzy subset of the real line $\Re$ ;

2) normal, i.e., $\exists \mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{x}_0\in \Re$ such that ${\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_0\right)=1$ , (so ${\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_0\right)=0$ );

3) convex for the membership function, i.e.,

${\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(\lambda x_1+\left(1-\lambda \right)x_2\right)\ge \min \left\{{\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_1\right),{\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_2\right)\right\};\forall x_1,x_2\in \Re ,\lambda \in \left[0,1\right];$

4) concave for the non-membership function, i.e.,

${\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(\lambda x_1+\left(1-\lambda \right)x_2\right)\le \max \left\{{\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_1\right),{\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^j}\left(x_2\right)\right\};\forall x_1,x_2\in \Re ,\lambda \in \left[0,1\right].$

Definition 8 [19] A triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number (TIFN) ${\tilde{A}}^t=\langle a\mathrm{,}l\mathrm{,}r\mathrm{<mo>\; ;\; </mo>}{w}_a\mathrm{,}{u}_a\rangle$ is a special IFS on the real number set $\Re$ , whose membership function and non-membership functions are defined as follows:

${\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}^t}\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{x-a+l}{l}{w}_a;\hfill & a-l\le x<a\hfill \\ \frac{a+r-x}{r}{w}_a;\hfill & a\le x\le a+r\hfill \\ 0;\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$ (1)

and

${\nu }_{{\tilde{A}}^t}\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{\left(a-x\right)+u_a\left(x-a+l\right)}{l};\hfill & a-l\le x<a\hfill \\ \frac{\left(x-a\right)+u_a\left(a+r-x\right)}{r};\hfill & a\le x\le a+r\hfill \\ 1;\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$ (2)

where l, r are called spreads and a is called mean value. $w_a$ and $u_a$ represent the maximum degree of membership and minimum degree of non-membership respectively such that they satisfy the condition

$0\le w_a\le \mathrm{1,\; <mi>\; </mi>\; 0}\le u_a\le 1\text{and}0\le w_a+u_a\le 1.$

Note 1.: From the above definitions we see that the numbers ${\mu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)$ and ${\nu }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)$ reflect respectively the extent of a degree of acceptance and that of rejection of an element x to the set $\tilde{A}$ , and the number ${\pi }_{\tilde{A}}\left(x\right)$ is the extent of indeterminacy.

3. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Programming Technique

We consider the linear programming problem (LPP) with cost of decision variables and co-efficient matrix of constraints represented as trapezoidal fuzzy in nature:

$\langle \tilde{c},x\rangle =f_j\left(x_k\right)=f_j\left(x\right)=\max \tilde{Z}={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{\tilde{c}}_k{x}_k$

subject to

${\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{\tilde{A}}_{jk}{x}_k\le {\tilde{B}}_j,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; 1}\le j\le m;\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}{x}_k\ge 0$

where,

${\mu }_{{\tilde{A}}_{jk}}\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1;\hfill & \text{for}x<a_{jk}\hfill \\ \frac{a_{jk}+d_{jk}-x}{d_{jk}};\hfill & \text{for}{a}_{jk}\le x\le a_{jk}+d_{jk}\hfill \\ 0;\hfill & \text{for}x\ge a_{jk}+d_{jk}\hfill \end{array}$ (3)

${\mu }_{{\tilde{B}}_j}\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1;\hfill & \text{for}x<b_j\hfill \\ \frac{b_j+p_j-x}{p_j};\hfill & \text{for}{b}_j\le x\le b_j+p_j\hfill \\ 0;\hfill & \text{for}x\ge b_j+p_j\hfill \end{array}$ (4)

${\mu }_{{\tilde{c}}_k}\left(x\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1;\hfill & \text{for}x<{\alpha }_k\hfill \\ \frac{{\alpha }_k+{\beta }_k-x}{{\beta }_k};\hfill & \text{for}{\alpha }_k\le x\le {\alpha }_k+{\beta }_k\hfill \\ 0;\hfill & \text{for}x\ge {\alpha }_k+{\beta }_k\hfill \end{array}$ (5)

The class of fuzzy linear programming models is not uniquely defined as it depends upon the type of fuzziness as also its specification as prescribed by the decision maker. Accordingly, the class of FLPP can be broadly classified as:

1) LPP with fuzzy inequalities and crisp objective function,

2) LPP with crisp inequalities and fuzzy objective function,

3) LPP with fuzzy inequalities and fuzzy objective function,

4) LPP with fuzzy resources and fuzzy coefficients, also termed as LPP with fuzzy parameters, i.e., elements of $c\mathrm{,}A\mathrm{,}B$ are fuzzy numbers.

Intuitionistic fuzzy optimization (IFO), a method of uncertainty optimization, is put forward on the basis of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, due to Atanassov [11] . It is an extension of fuzzy optimization in which the degrees of rejection of objective(s) and constraints are considered together with the degrees of satisfaction. According to different interpretations, distinct IFLPP could be formulated.

In this paper, we try to examine the case in which all the co-efficients and the right hand side constants appearing in the constraints are modeled as TIFN and then reformulated as a LPP with intuitionistic fuzzy inequalities and objective function.

$\max \tilde{Z}={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{\tilde{c}}_k^I{x}_k$

subject to

${\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{\tilde{A}}_{jk}^I{x}_k\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}\tilde{\le }\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{\tilde{B}}_j^I;\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; 1}\le j\le m;\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}{x}_k\ge 0\text{for}1\le k\le n$

where,

$\begin{array}{l}{\tilde{c}}_k^I=\langle c_k,l_k,r_k;{\nu }_k,{\mu }_k\rangle ,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}{\tilde{A}}_{jk}^I=\langle a_{jk},l_{jk},r_{jk};{\nu }_{jk},{\mu }_{jk}\rangle ,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}{\tilde{B}}_j^I=\langle b_j,l_j,r_j;{\nu }_j,{\mu }_j\rangle \\ \text{and}x={\left(x_1\mathrm{,}{x}_2\mathrm{,}\cdots \mathrm{,}{x}_n\right)}^{\prime }\mathrm{.}\end{array}$

As co-efficients are TIFN so maximum membership occurs at $c_k\mathrm{,}{a}_{jk}$ and $b_j$ , hence the above given problem is reformulated as

$J=\max \tilde{Z}={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{c}_k{x}_k$

subject to

${\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{\sum }}}{a}_{jk}{x}_k\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}\tilde{\le }\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{b}_j,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; 1}\le j\le m;\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}x\ge 0$

where the inequality relations $\tilde{\le }$ are considered as intuitionistic fuzzy inequalities.

For the objective function, the intuitionistic fuzzifier max is understood in the sense of the satisfaction of the aspiration level $Z_0$ as best as possible. To solve this we first choose an appropriate membership and non-membership function for each of the intuitionistic fuzzy inequality. In particular, ${\mu }_0$ and ${\nu }_0$ denote respectively the membership and non-membership functions for the objective function and ${\mu }_j,{\nu }_j\left(j=1,2,\cdots ,m\right)$ respectively denote the membership and non-membership function for the j^th constraint. Let, and be the permissible tolerances for the objective function and the j^th constraint. Then, we decide and to be non-decreasing and continuous linear membership and non-membership functions as per the choice given below:

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

This leads to the following equivalent crisp LPP:

(10)

where denotes respectively the minimal acceptance degree and the maximal degree of rejection, which, in turn, implies that

(11)

Now, the above can be solved easily by using usual simplex method.

Thus, the following are the steps proposed to solve the LPP under the intuitionistic fuzzy environment

Algorithm:

Input: An Intuitionistic fuzzy LPP in mathematical form.

Output: Optimal solution and corresponding decision.

Step 1: Choose an aspiration level of the objective function and set tolerances for objective as well as constraints so that required solution become feasible.

Step 2: Defuzzify the intuitionistic fuzzy sets appearing as co-efficients in the objective and the constraints and subsequently rewrite the system with crisp numbers and intuitionistic inequalities.

Step 3: Construct membership function and non-membership function for the objective and the constraints depending on the choice of and tolerances as set.

Step 4: Taking minimal acceptance degree and maximal degree of rejection, formulate the following equivalent ordinary Linear programming problem:

(12)

where, are the membership of the objective and constraints and denote the non-membership functions for the objective and constraints respectively.

Step 5: Accordingly, the above formulation is equivalent to:

(13)

Step 6: Solve the ordinary linear programming problem using simplex technique.

Example 1: Let us consider an intuitionistic fuzzy LPP as in the following:

(14)

System (14) is defuzzified into the crisp model as,

(15)

where is considered as intuitionistic fuzzy inequality.

According to Zimmermann’s approach for a symmetric model, we assume that. We have to set so that solution becomes feasible. For the given problem. The membership and non-membership functions

are as given below:

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

Following Zimmermann’s approach to solve (14), we need to solve the following crisp LPP:

(22)

where is the degree up to which the aspiration level of the decision maker is accepted and is the degree of its rejection.

Accordingly, we have the formulation:

(23)

Now, by using simplex algorithm, we solve the above problem and obtain the solution as, , , ,.

For different values of solution of the given problem is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Solution for different in case of IFLPP.

4. An Illustrative Study

In Section 3, instead of IFLPP if we take the corresponding FLPP and solve the same using Zimmermann’s technique [2] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] , Weight assignment method [35] and Angelov’s method [24] [36] [37] for the previous example and some of the other problems then, a comparative study can be performed for a better understanding of the utility of the proposed method.

Problem 1:

(24)

Problem 2:

(25)

Problem 3:

(26)

Result and discussion: Table 1 lists the solution of (14) for different values of and. It is easy to observe that the optimal solution is close to 66 which correspond to and. Moreover, we observe that the same result is attained for values satisfying. Next, Tables 2-4 present the difference of the solutions for the problems in (24), (25) and (26) using Zimmermann’s technique for solving FLPP, Weight Assignment technique for solving FLPP, Angelov’s technique for solving FLPP and proposed technique for solving IFLPP. The solution obtained by our proposed method for solving IFLPP is found to be the same as that obtained using fuzzy technique. However, fuzzy optimization handles only the degrees of either of the acceptance or rejection one at a time while it becomes necessary in some cases to consider both degrees of acceptance and rejection for handling efficiently optimization under uncertainty.

In fact, there are some cases where due to insufficiency in the available information, the evaluation of the membership and non-membership functions together gives better and/or satisfactory result than considering either the membership value or the non-membership value. Accordingly, there remains a part indeterministic on which hesitation survives. Certainly fuzzy optimization is unable to deal such hesitation since in this case here membership and non-membership functions are complement to each other. Here, we extend Zimmermann’s optimization technique for solving FLPP. In our proposed technique, sum of membership degree and non-membership degree always taken as strictly less than one and hence hesitation arises. Consequently, to achieve the aspiration level of the objective function, our proposed method for solving IFLPP converge rapidly as seen in Figure 1. In fuzzy environment, to obtain the same we have to set very large values of the tolerances which may sometimes be absurd. Figure 1 shows the value of the objective function in our proposed technique. For the same tolerances solution of the FLPP in Zimmermann’s technique is presented in Figure 2.

5. Conclusions

In human decision making problem, IFO plays an important and useful role. This approach converts the introduced intuitionistic fuzzy optimization (IFO) problem into a crisp (non-fuzzy) LPP. The advantage of the IFO problem is two-fold: they give a rich apparatus for formulation of optimization problems and, on the other hand, the solution of IFO problems can satisfy the objective(s) with a greater degree than the analogous fuzzy optimization problem.

Figure 1. For Problem 1 the value of J with our proposed approach.

Figure 2. For Problem 1 the value of J with Zimmermann’s approach.

Table 2. Optimal solution using different techniques for Problem 1.

Table 3. Optimal solution using different techniques for Problem 2.

Table 4. Optimal solution using different techniques for Problem 3.

There is considerable scope for research in this domain. In future, this research work could be extended to some other uncertain environment such as representation using Pythagorean fuzzy set [38] , interval neutrosophic set [39] etc. This also includes, in particular, an attempt to find solution for a class of IFLPP without converting them to crisp LPP and to compare other existing fuzzy optimization techniques with the proposed one.

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by UGC SAP-DRS Phase-III programme at the Department of Mathematics. UGC’s financial support is highly appreciated.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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