Undernutrition in Adults Hospitalized Patients: Magnitude and Associated Factors at the University Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso ()
1. Background
The high global burden of malnutrition in hospitalized patients has been widely documented. Undernutrition, is a common and costly problem among patients in hospitals [1] - [6]. In developing countries, adult undernutrition is common among hospitalized adult’s patients and is a burden on patients and health care facilities, but not documented. Consequences of this malnutrition include increased morbidity, mortality, complications, healthcare costs and the length of hospital stay [7] [8] [9]. The prevention and treatment of hospital undernutrition offers an opportunity to optimize the overall quality of care, reduce costs and improve outcomes. Unfortunately, undernutrition continues to be unrecognized and untreated in many hospitalized adults patients. Inadequate detection and intervention of undernutrition can lead to the worsening of nutritional status during hospitalization [10].
Undernutrition in adult’s hospitalized patients is the result of a number of factors and may be associated with the disease and/or its treatment [11]. Inadequate dietary intake is one major cause and there are several clinical situations that can cause loss of appetite or impaired food intake [12].
Despite numerous advances in medicine and clinical care, at hospital, the simple correction of an adult’s nutritional status appears to be overlooked and not considered as a sufficient medical priority.
The objective of this study was to identify the magnitude of adult undernutrition and its associated factors in hospitalized patients.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting and Participants
This was a cross-sectional observational study, carried out in the university hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Data collection was conducted from August to September 2016. Adult’s patients (³18 y old) hospitalized in medicine and surgery department were included.
The non-inclusion criteria were patients unable to communicate or to be assessed by anthropometric parameters.
Patients were informed about the study objectives and their free consent to participate were obtained.
2.2. Sample Size
The sample size estimation used the procedures for determining sample for cross-sectional observational study.
The following basic equation has been used to calculate the required sample size
n = required minimum sample size
Zα = 1.96, the Z-score corresponding to the desired degree of confidence (=95% means α = 5%)
P = the estimated level of hospital adults undernutrition (P = 30%), Q = 100 − P (Q = 70%)
δ = the precision of the estimation (δ = 6% in this procedure)
Sample size (including non-responses rate) was 244 hospitalized adult’s patients.
2.3. Sampling
In each medical unity, patients were included in the study consecutively to their admission.
2.4. Variables and Data Collection
A structured and pretested questionnaire was used consisting of data related to: patient identification (personal and demographic data: age, sex, education, profession, residence, marital status), medical information (data of admission, reason for hospital admission, duration of the disease evolution, clinical signs and diagnosis); nutritional data (appetite assessment); data on food consumption (recent dietary changes and description of present diet); observation of clinical signs of nutritional deficiencies (observation of hair, skin and presence of nutritional edema); recent and unintentional weight loss; risk behavior (alcohol consumption, cigarette smoke) and evaluation of anthropometric data (weight, height, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)).
A regular diet was investigated in the last week before hospital admission.
To avoid biases in data collection and interpretation, interviews and anthropometric measurements were carried by a single examiner, a trained health worker who speaks local languages.
Weight was measured in kilograms (kg) with a portable scale, height was measured in meter (m) with stadiometer and. Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) was measured in centimeter (cm) with adult MUAC inelastic measuring tape.
To calculate the body mass index (BMI), weight (kg) was divided by height (m) squared.
The criterion adopted for the diagnosis of undernutrition was the presence of at least one of the following anthropometric parameters: BMI < 18.5 kg/m2or MUAC < 22 cm.
2.5. Data Analysis
The data were entered, cleaned and checked for missing values and outliers, and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 20.0. Undernutrition was considered a binary variable (presence or absence). Simple descriptive analyses were used to describe undernutrition and characteristics of the study population. The rate of undernutrtion was reported using frequency distribution. The associations between undernutrtion and independent variables were tested using the Chi-square test. Unadjusted crude Odds ratios (COR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to investigate the factors independently associated with undernutrtion. All of the results were considered statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.
2.6. Ethical Considerations
Authorization was obtained from hospital. At the time of data collection, a verbal and written consent was taken from the participants to confirm whether they are willing to participate or to obtain oral consent. Information was collected after securing consent from study participants. Data obtained from each study participant were kept confidential.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
The population consisted of 244 patients, 36.5% female and 63.5%% male. The mean age was 48.2 years (SD = 17.2 years). A third (33.2%) of the patients was farmers. The high proportion (81.5%) of patient was married. More than two third (69.7%) of patients were not schooled (Table 1).
3.2. Magnitude of Undernutrition
Undernutrition occurred in 32.4% of the sample. The majority of the undernourished individuals were under 70 years old (88.6%).
3.3. Associated Factors of Undernutrition
At the univariate analysis, the variables associated with undernutrition were: recent and involuntary weight loss (COR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.45 - 4.59, p < 0.001); disease chronic evolution (COR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.23 - 4.23, p = 0.008) and females (COR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.02 - 6.06, p = 0.04).
Concerning clinical signs, the percentage of undernourished patients was higher between patients with vomiting (40%), diarrhea (36.7%) and with anorexia (32.4%). But vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia during hospitalization were not statistically associated with undernutrtion.
Concerning food consumption, the dietary diversity was not associated with undernurtition (Table 2).
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Table 1. Characteristics of the patients.
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Table 2. Univariate analysis showing association of factors with undernutrition among hospitalized adults, Bobo-Dioulasso 2016.
4. Discussion
This study is a cross-sectional observational study with some limitation. It has been showed that undernutrition magnitude in hospital vary by method of assessment. For the purposes of this study, the criterion adopted for the diagnosis of undernutrition was the presence of at least one of the following anthropometric parameters: BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 or MUAC < 22 cm. Throughout the literature, a variety of tools and definitions have been used for undernutrition evaluation. Regarding the data on consumption, in this study, a regular diet was investigated in the last week before hospital admission, but the total energy value has not been evaluated.
Adult undernutrition was common among hospitalized patients in this study, 36.5% of the sample were undernourished. Differences of observed frequency of adult undernutrition between studies can be due to the difference of definition, tools used for measurement and adult undernutrition diagnosis criteria. But the high magnitude of hospital adult undernutrition was similar to other studies carried out in the world [4] [5] [6]. If left untreated, approximately two thirds of those patients will experience a further decline in their nutrition status during hospitalization [13]. The treatment of undernutrition offers an opportunity to optimize the overall quality of patient care, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce costs. The adequate treatment of undernutrition first requires malnourished patients to be identified on admission and during hospitalization. The negative consequences of undernutrition have been widely reported in the literature [1] [13] - [22]. Undernutrition may result, during hospitalization, in increased morbidity (such as higher infection rates and complications); increased risk of negative health outcomes and mortality. At a psychological level, undernutrition is associated with fatigue and apathy, exacerbates anorexia and increases convalescence time [23]. Undernutrition also affects the length of hospital stays. Researchers funded from study of hospitalized patients that the median length of stay for malnourished patients was significantly longer than the median length of stay for patients who were not malnourished [8] [9] [15] [24] [25]. Undernutrition may also result in increased healthcare expenditures [7].
In our study, weight loss was the main observed variable and the strongest predictor of adult undernutrition (COR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.45 - 4.59, p < 0.001). Weight loss was the main associated factor identified by some authors [26]. The process of weight loss is considered a process of undernutrition. But, weight loss is not easy to quantify.
In this study, chronic disease evolution increased the risk of undernutrition. This can due to the decrease of appetite during chronic evolution of a disease. Decreased appetite will reduce food intake.
Even if in this study, all variables associated with the digestive tract (vomiting, diarrhea) were not associated to undernutrition, commonly gastrointestinal tract symptoms are usually a result of disease or treatment consequence and may have an impact on nutritional status of the patient, as they affect food intake.
In this study, the dietary diversity was not associated with undernurtition. But maybe, the food diversity index is not appropriate for food intake assessment. It is known that inadequate food intake was a factor associated with undernutrition and that the average energy consumption was lower among undernourished patients than non-malnourished [27].
In our study, the female sex was a factor associated with malnutrition (COR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.02 - 6.06, p = 0.04). In some studies the male sex was a factor associated with malnutrition [28]. To discuss the difference of findings, social factors in hospitalized patients are important. In a study [29] , authors founded that that weight loss during hospitalization was higher in women than in men. In some social context, women attend healthcare services later than men and are much less attentive to changes in weight and food consumption as they are economically dependent and have a great workload. Thus, the hypothesis is that, when women are hospitalized, they may have more chances of being undernourished than men in our context.
5. Conclusion
Adult undernutrition is common in hospitalized patients. After the analysis, recent weight loss, disease chronic evolution and female sex were associated with undernutrition. Adult undernutrition treatment in hospitalized patients is a major challenge as that malnutrition is associated with many adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of morbidity, longer length of hospital stay, higher treatment costs, and increased mortality. A proper early diagnosis and therapy need to be considered as medical priority of the entire healthcare team that treats adult’s inpatients.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the patient, their family and to the healthcare teams.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to study design, literature review, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and writing. All authors revised and agreed on the views expressed in the manuscript.