Radiotracer Investigation of the Effect of Impeller Type on Mixing in Industrial Process Simulator ()
1. Introduction
Mixing by agitation plays a very important role in industrial reactors including metallurgical reactors used for mineral processing. Industrial mixing is carried out for many reasons but the main aim is to provide mass transfer of material to promote better contact between reactor contents in order to obtain the required product quality in the shortest possible time [1] . However, many industrial mixing operations are either inefficient or more than enough, mainly due to improper reactor design. The primary cause is the lack of understanding of the mixing process which could be attributed to the complex nature of impeller-induced flows in stirred vessels [2] . This leads to poor product quality and overconsumption of energy that eventually results in high production costs [3] [4] . Therefore, there is the need for in-depth studies of mixing operations to determine the performance of mixing vessels. A good understanding of mixing operations in stirred vessels will enhance optimal design and help modify existing processes in order to minimize capital and running costs [5] .
The need to understand and improve on mixing in industrial processes is on the increase in recent times. This is mainly to enable the improvement on the design and operation of mixing systems, which will in turn enhance safety and economic issues. However, industrial experimentation is costly due to a number of reasons including large volume of materials to handle, complex machinery and logistical issues [6] . Hence most researchers including [5] [7] [8] [9] resort to the use of laboratory experimental facilities for simulation and modeling of flow systems applicable to industrial processes.
Many concepts have been used to describe the mixing characteristics of non-ideal reactors but the most commonly used ones are the residence time distribution (RTD), the quality of mixing and the mathematical model that describes the system. Any or a combination of these concepts are considered when describing deviations from the mixing patterns assumed in ideal reactors [10] [11] . In this study, radiotracer methodology was used to carry out investigation on a laboratory water flow rig which serves as simulator of industrial processes. The aims of the investigation were to assess the effect of impeller type on mixing and also determine the fluid dynamics of the material in the vessels.
2. Methodology
Radiotracer application technique was used in this investigation with the help of laboratory experimental flow rig which serves as industrial process simulator
2.1. Experimental System
The flow rig was originally installed by the IAEA in 2008 through the IAEA/ AFRA project, RAF/8/040 [12] . The original flow rig has limitations which could not make it adaptive for research on real flow conditions applicable to industrial processes. The rig therefore went through various phases of modifications over the years. The current modification on the rig include redesigning and reconstruction of the impellers, upgrading the power of each stirrer motor to 0.5 hp, and also restructuring for open circuit operations which is mostly the case in industrial process plants. The experimental unit consists of four similar tanks in series on open circuit. The tank configurations are shown in Figures 1(a)-(d).
Tank 1 is fitted with a single axial impeller, Tank 2 with twin axial impellers mounted on the same shaft and Tank 3 by twin radial impellers also mounted on the same shaft. Tank 4 has no impellers. The main aim is to study the effect of impeller configuration on the extent of mixing and the fluid dynamics of materials in the tanks.
2.2. Experimental Procedure
The data was collected by introducing 8mCi liquid technetium-99 m at the inlet stream of Tank 1 and the gamma signals were collected with thallium activated NaI detector placed at the outlet of each tank. The detectors were connected to Altaix data acquisition system which consists of Caesar 12 USB CTR-15 counter and a laptop for visual display of the signals [13] . Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the data acquisition system and visual display of online experimental tracer concentration curves respectively.
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Figure 1. Tanks with different impeller configurations. (a) 1 axial impeller; (b) 2 axial impellers; (c) 2 radial impellers; (d) no impeller no baffle.
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Figure 2. Altaix data acquisition system.
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Figure 3. Visual display of online experimental tracer concentration curves.
3. Results and Discussions
Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves for the outlet tracer concentration were generated from which the Mean Residence Time (MRT) and the variance were calculated by the method of moments. The experimental parameters and the model parameters are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
The extent of mixing was inferred from RTD analysis. The parameters in Table 1 and Table 2 indicate that the extent of mixing in Tank 2 is highest followed by Tank 3 and Tank 4 shows the poorest mixing [10] . Thus for this investigation, axial impellers show a better mixing than radial ones. Agitators and baffles aid in mixing [14] and since Tank 4 has none of these mixing aids, it is not surprising that the mixing was poorest in this tank. Figures 4(a)-(d) show the experimental and model outlet tracer concentration curves. The tracer outlet response curves were also fitted with mathematical models using DTSPRO and “RTD Software” in order to determine the fluid dynamics of materials in each tank [15] . The flow dynamics in Tanks 2, 3 and 4 are best described by PMSE model but that of Tank 1 is best described by PMSR model. The two softwares
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Figure 4. Experimental and model outlet tracer concentration curves. (a) Tank 1: 1 axial impeller; (b) (a) Tank 2: 2 axial impellers; (c) Tank 3: 2 radial impellers; (d) Tank 4: No impeller, no baffle.
were used in the modeling because DTSPRO did not have PMSR model which best fit Tank 1 data. Hence the “RTD software” was used in modeling the flow of materials in Tank 1.
4. Conclusions
Radiotracer methodology was used to carry out investigation on a laboratory water flow rig which serves as simulator of industrial processes. The conclusions from the simulator are that:
・ The extent of mixing for axial flow impellers for the simulator was better than that of radial flow impellers for this investigation.
・ The fluid dynamics of materials in the tanks were best described by PMSE and PMSR models.
Optimum mixing time of the materials in the vessel could be investigated in future for the various impeller configurations.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the IAEA for the technical support and the Radiotherapy Unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana for the supply of radiotracer for this investigation.