The Uncertainty Principle in Terms of Isoperimetric Inequalities ()
The most familiar formalization of the uncertainty principle of position and momentum is in terms of standard deviations [1] [2] [3]
(1)
In the corresponding measurement process, the standard deviation of the po- sition
is measured for a sample of particles initially prepared in a state
. Subsequently, the standard deviation of the momentum
is measured for another sample of particles, which is also prepared in the same state
. Thus, the statistical errors are corresponding to ensembles of measurements of dif- ferent but identical prepared systems.
An alternative interpretation of the Heisenberg principle for simultaneous measurements has been given recently [4] . The corresponding measurement process is as follows: Whenever a particle is strictly localized in a finite interval of length
with probability 1, then the standard deviation of its mo- mentum satisfies the inequality
(2)
Provided the wave function
of the system is sufficiently regular at the boundary of
, the standard deviation of the momentum will remain finite and (2) is proved by applying the Wirtinger inequality [5] [6] . At this point it should be mentioned that the straight-forward application of Popoviciu’s
inequality
to estimate
in (1) leads to an inequality
,
which is weaker than (2). This is because the equal sign of Popoviciu's inequality is achieved by a discrete random variable that takes on the values at the boundary of the interval
with equal probability 1/2. However, in the quantum mecha- nical case under consideration the wave-function is zero at the boundary of the compact domain such that the equal sign of Popoviciu’s inequality can never be reached. It can be shown, that the inequality (2) cannot be further improved [4] [5] .
In mathematics, the Wirtinger inequality is closely connected to the fact that the circle is uniquely characterized by the property that among all simple closed plane curves of given length l, the circle of circumference L encloses maximum area [6] . This property is most succinctly expressed in the isoperimetric in- equality
where A is the area enclosed by a curve of length l, and where equality holds if and only if the curve is a circle.
There are also isoperimetric inequalities of mathematical physics. They are special cases of isoperimetric problems in which typically some physical quantity, usually represented by the eigenvalues of a differential equation, is shown to be extremal for a circular or spherical domain. Extensive discussions of such pro- blems can be found in the book of Pólya and Szegö [7] and the review article by Payne [8] .
The purpose of the present note is to establish the link between the mea- surement process of (2) and the corresponding analytic inequalities closely con- nected to the isoperimetric inequalities, such as Wirtinger’s or Poincaré’s in- equalities [7] - [13] .
More precisely, let us consider non-relativistic particles in
spatial di- mensions. In analogy to the 1-dimensional interval
of (2), let
be a simply connected domain (the spatial uncertainty) with compact closure and (piecewise) smooth boundary
. Then, a Hilbert basis of
, the space of square-integrable functions on D, is defined by the Laplacian on D with Dirichlet boundary conditions:
(3)
(4)
Let
be the set of eigenvalues and
the orthonormal basis of eigen- functions,
. It is well known that there are infinite many eigenvalues with no accumulation point:
and
as
. The scalar product in
will be denoted by angular brackets, that is to write
for two state vectors
. Accordingly, the norm of
is given by
.
Now, we consider the standard deviation
of the momentum in the do- main D. For every wave function
, the eigenvalue problem (3) is the same for its real part and its imaginary part. Both are collinear and thus we only have to consider the real valued problem. In this case, it is easy to show by partial integrations that the mean value of the momentum operator
is equal to zero and the standard deviation of the momentum is given by
(5)
A sharp lower bound of
is now obtained by the associated variational characterization
(6)
while the quotient on the left-hand side is the well known Rayleigh quotient [6] [9] . The right hand side is the first eigenvalue
of the Dirichlet Laplacian which is in general dependent on the shape of the domain [6] . After substitution of (6) into (5), we obtain the corresponding inequality
(7)
That is, whenever there is a particle in a given domain D with probability 1, then the standard deviation of the momentum is bounded by (7).
For an illustration, let us consider the case
. Then, the eigenvalue
is proportional to the square of the eigenfrequencies of an elastic, homogeneous, vibrating membrane with fixed boundary. The Rayleigh-Faber-Krahn inequality for the membrane (i.e.
) states that
(8)
where
is the first zero of the Bessel function of order zero, and A is the area of the membrane. Equality is attained in (8) only if the membrane is circular [9] [10] [11] .
More general, the corresponding isoperimetric inequality in dimension n,
(9)
was proven by Krahn [13] . The expression
is the first positive zero of the Bessel function
,
is the volume of the domain and
is the volume of the n-dimensional unit ball. Equality is attained in (9) if and only if D is a ball. Let d be the diameter of the n-dimensional ball, then we obtain the general inequality
(10)
Due to the fact that
behaves like
for
, the asymptotic behavior of the right-hand side in (10) is of the same order as for the n- dimensional version of (1), which is expected to scale like
.
Proposition. For dimension
, we get the following uncertainty relations:
(11)
(12)
(13)
Proof. By applying (10) for
. For the Bessel-zero with
we have
, for
we have
and for
we get
.
The first of these inequalities is equivalent to (2) for
, as it should be expected in one dimension. For the second inequality, we have applied the numerical approximation
.
Actually, the derivation of (11)-(13) is based on the assumption that the Hilbert space is considered with respect to the ordinary Euclidean position space. For a formal extension to general (curved) position spaces the Laplacian of the variational problem (6) might be replaced by the corresponding Laplace- Beltrami operator of a Riemannian manifold. This procedure then leads to in- equalities whose lower bound (in addition) depends on the Ricci curvature of the manifold. However, first of all it seems to be appropriate to ensure that the quantum mechanical measurement process corresponding to the generalized momentum operator is well defined. Otherwise, there is no way for experimental verification at all.