A Study of the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome with Particular Reference to Metabolic Syndrome

Mohammad Ali Sowdagar¹, Adikesava Naidu Otikunta^2*, Y. V. Subba Reddy², Chandra Sekhar Pulala¹

¹Department of Cardiology, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, India.
²Department of Cardiology, Osmania General Hospital and Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India.

DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.611113                

Abstract

Objectives: Cardiovascular risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are on rise in people of Indian origin. Moreover, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is higher in populations with ACS than in the general population. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factor profile of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and to study the prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome by using South Asian modified National cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Methods: This study was conducted between October, 2010 and March, 2011 at Government General Hospital, Kurnool, India. A total of 100 patients with ST or non-ST segment elevation ACS and who had clinical, electrocardiographic and biochemical diagnosis within the first 24 hrs of clinical onset were enrolled in the study. The enrolled subjects were divided into two groups: those with MS and those without MS. Cardiovascular risk factors defined by components of MS were evaluated. Analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Sixty patients had MS along with ACS and 40 patients had ACS without MS. The most prevalent component of MS was increased waist circumference (83.3%), followed by increased triglycerides (78.3%) and increased fasting blood sugar (76.7%). Majority of patients (58.3%) had presence of three components of MS. Conclusion: The MS is a highly prevalent condition among the patients with ACS and is associated with severe coronary artery disease. The identification of MS imparts a high risk status to the patient in developing cardiovascular disease but at the same time provides abundant opportunities for intervention. Hence it is of paramount importance to aim for stricter goals and lower cut offs for intervention at all levels of prevention: primordial, primary and secondary.

Keywords

Acute Coronary Syndrome, Coronary Artery Disease, Metabolic Syndrome

1. Introduction

Asian Indians have one of the highest rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) worldwide. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of CAD has amplified 300% from 2% to 6% in rural India and from 4% to 12% in urban India [1] . Cardiovascular risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are on rise in people of Indian origin, possess a high burden of CAD and are now an escalating cause of death [2] .

Metabolic syndrome (MS) comprises of a miscellany of metabolic and hemodynamic disorders that elevate the development of atherosclerosis and upsurge cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [3] . The ultimate importance of this condition is that it helps to identify individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease [4] . Thus, presence of MS along with ACS synergistically indicates the increased cardiovascular risk. The major characteristics of MS include insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and lipid abnormalities [i.e., elevated levels of triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)] [5] . The prevalence of MS is intensifying worldwide mostly due to obesity and sedentary lifestyles [6] .

Every component of MS is autonomously coupled with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether MS leads to greater cardiovascular risk than the sum of its components remains a subject of dispute [7] . It is reported that cardiovascular risk is directly proportional to the number of components of MS involved [8] - [10] .

The prevalence of MS among patients with ACS varies between 29% and 46% and has been associated with poor in-hospital prognosis [11] [12] . Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factor profile of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and to study the prevalence and impact of metabolic synd- rome in patients with acute coronary syndrome by using South Asian modified National cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) definition.

2. Patients and Methods

This single-centric, observational study was conducted at Government General Hospital, Kurnool, India. A total of 100 patients with acute coronary syndrome were enrolled between October, 2010 and March, 2011. The study subjects were divided into two groups: those with metabolic syndrome and those without metabolic syndrome. The presence of metabolic syndrome and its components was determined by applying Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The NCEP-ATP III definition [13] of the MS is based on vital clinical and biochemical parameters, but it does not identify the MS optimally in South Asians [14] . Thus, we considered South Asian modified NCEP- ATP III definition for MS in this study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and country-specific regulatory requirements. All patients signed informed consent form which was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee).

The patients were included if diagnosed with ST (ST wave segment in ECG) or non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and who had clinical, electrocardiographic and biochemical diagnosis within the first 24 h of clinical onset; patients with unstable angina; patients more than 18 years of age. Patients with hypertension, diabetes and obesity on drug therapy were also included in the study.

Patients were excluded if found to have disease other than acute coronary syndrome on evaluation. Seriously ill patients, patients with acute infection, neoplastic disease, cardiomyopathies, cardiogenic shock at admission; patients with other major organ (liver, kidney, brain) chronic illness or degenerative disease with life expectancy <2 years; patients on drugs, unrelated to lipid lowering therapy & known to alter serum lipid profile (long term steroids, diuretics, other proprietary medications, etc.) were excluded from the study.

2.1. Study Procedure

All the patients were subjected to detailed history and complete physical examination and the data collected was recorded in a predesigned proforma. All patients underwent diagnosis of ACS as per American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) criteria, waist circumference as per national health and nutrition survey study, blood and urine routine investigations, fasting blood sugar, 12 hr fasting lipid profile, 12 lead ECG, 2 D echocardiography, coronary angiography, and evaluation of metabolic syndrome using South Asian modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. The cardiovascular risk factor profile was studied with particular reference to metabolic syndrome and the results were statistically analysed.

2.2. Definition of Terms

Patients with ACS were defined according to criteria established by the ACC/AHA through evaluation of myocardial necrosis markers in serial determinations [MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) ≥10% of total CPK and/or troponin-I (TNI) ≥1 ng/ml] plus one of the following criteria: precordial ischemic pain >30 min with or without dyspnea; diaphoresis, nausea and/or vomiting; ST-segment elevation in electro-cardiogram >1 mm in two or more contiguous leads; pathologic Q wave or left bundle branch block, new or presumed new [15] .

National cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) definition of metabolic syndrome, as per south Asian modifications [14] , includes three or more of the following: central obesity (waist circumference): >90 cm (male) or >80 cm (female); triglycerides: >150 mg%; HDL cholesterol: <40 mg% (male) or <50 mg% (female); hypertension (blood pressure): >130/85 mmHg; fasting plasma glucose: >100 mg%.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. Quantitative data were analysed using the Student t-test to compare means. Dichotomous variables were tested using χ² test or Fisher’s exact test according to expected frequencies. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA) program, version 15.

3. Results

A total of 100 patients with ACS were enrolled in the study. Sixty patients had MS along with ACS (Group 1) and 40 patients had ACS without MS (Group 2). The clinical characteristics of the patients are outlined in Table 1. The mean age was 52.1 and 48.9 years in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively; male gender represented 49 (56.3%) and 38 (43.7%) patients in Group 1 and 2, respectively. Histories of hypertension, coronary artery disease and diabetes were more prevalent in patients with MS. The most prevalent clinical presentation was unstable angina in patients with MS and myocardial infarction in patients without MS. All the components of MS varied significantly between the two groups. The most prevalent component of MS was increased waist circumference, followed by increased triglycerides and increased fasting blood sugar. The clinical characteristics of patients categorised according to gender are detailed in Table 2.

Various modalities approached for the treatment of ACS are outlined in Table 3. The most applied modality was treatment through medication, followed by percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass surgery. In Group 1, 23 (38.3%) patients and in Group 2, 24 (60%) patients were treated medically.

Figure 1 depicts the number of patients in correspondence to presence of number of components of MS. In males, three MS components were most prevalent. Whereas, in females, four components of MS were most prevalent. Overall, majority of patients (58.3%) had MS with three components.

4. Discussion

The prevalence of MS is higher in populations with ACS than in the general population; this demonstrates an association between MS and ischemic heart disease [16] . Though the exact mechanism by which components of MS convenes an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the setting of ACS is not absolutely known, several hypotheses have been proposed. Components of MS enhance proinflammatory and prothrombotic [6] [17] mechanisms by increasing cytokines production, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, ultimately resulting in endothelial dysfunction [18] .

In present study, patients with ACS were examined for the presence of MS by using NCEP-ATP III criteria.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients.

HDL―High density lipoprotein; CAG―Coronary angiography.

Prevalence of MS was found to be 60% in the study population. Waist circumference, hypertension, TG, HDL, and fasting blood sugar were the included components of MS. Factors that were associated with MS were increased total cholesterol, non-HDL components and low density lipoproteins; histories of hypertension, diabetes, and CAD; obesity; and female gender. Although the prevalence of MS is greater in men than in women in the general population [19] , our study suggests that MS is more prevalent in women than in men (84.6% vs. 56.3%), which is similar to the results obtained in other populations with ischemic heart disease [20] -[22] . The most prevalent component of MS was increased waist circumference (83.3%), followed by increased triglycerides (78.3%) and increased fasting blood sugar (76.7%). The patients without MS were majorly treated with medications (60%), which suggest that the condition of such patients might have been comparatively less severe than patients with MS, such that they did not require an intervention.

In previous studies, hyperglycemia and low HDL levels were the most prevalent components of MS, followed by hypertension [16] [23] . Some studies have depicted that the combination of diabetes and hypertension sharply increases cardiovascular risk [24] .

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients with metabolic syndrome as per gender.

HDL―High density lipoprotein; CAG―Coronary angiography.

Table 3. Treatment modalities in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Figure 1. Number of patients in correspondence to presence of number of components of metabolic syndrome.

A recent community-based study from Eastern India had measured a prevalence of MS of 31.4%, with females having a much higher prevalence (48.2%) than males (16.3%) [25] . In rural areas of Central India [26] , the prevalence of MS was 9.3% as per modified ATP criteria and in semi-urban parts of South India [27] , MS was found in 29.7% of population. In another South Indian study, the prevalence of MS was estimated to be 23.2% as per NCEP-ATP III definition [28] .

A previous study in Oman [29] reported 66% prevalence and another study in Spain reported 50.9% prevalence of MS among patients with ACS [16] . The data proposes that presence of MS in patients of ACS is higher than in patients without ACS. Furthermore, a study in Nepal which employed NCEP-ATP III criteria in patients of ACS with MS, reported the presence of MS to be 57.4% and MS with three components was documented in 62.5% patients [30] . The results of this study are similar to the present study, indicating an increased prevalence of MS in Asians.

Moreover, Asian Indians are in dual jeopardy of bearing the genetically-determined excess of insulin resistance, diabetes and lipoprotein-A, and possessing an ever-increasing unhealthy lifestyle associated with rising afflu- ence, urbanization, and mechanization [31] . Further, the patients with ACS represent a cohort with addition of multiple risk factors that have ended up with adverse coronary events.

Study Strengths and Limitations

The study adds to the literature, the prevalence of MS in patients with ACS in a particular region of India with detailed clinical characteristics of population. The study holds the limitation of a small sample size and single-centered study. More accurate presentation of prevalence of MS could be possible by using multiple criteria in the same set of population.

5. Conclusion

The metabolic syndrome is a highly prevalent condition among the patients with acute coronary syndrome and is associated with severe CAD. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin that are together associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and hence the need to develop strategies with multipronged intervention for controlling this syndrome and its component conditions. The identification of metabolic syndrome imparts a high risk status to the patient in developing cardiovascular disease but at the same time provides abundant opportunities for intervention. Hence it is of paramount importance to aim for stricter goals and lower cut offs for intervention at all levels of prevention: primordial, primary and secondary.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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