Investigation on Structural, Optical and Thermal Properties of Diphenyl Urea—An Organic Non-Linear Optical Crystal ()
1. Introduction
The ideal material that could have potential applications in non-linear optical devices should possess a combina- tion of large non-linear figure of merit for frequency conversion, high laser damage threshold, fast optical re- sponse time, wide phase matchable angle, architectural flexibility for molecular design and morphology, optical transparency and high mechanical strength [1] . Extensive studies have been made on the synthesis and crystal growth of non-linear optical (NLO) materials over the past decade because of their potential application in the field of telecommunication, optical signal processing and optical switching. Organic materials have been of par- ticular interest because the NLO responses in this broad class of materials are microscopic in origin, offering an opportunity to use theoretical modelling coupled with synthetic flexibility to design and produce novel materials [2] [3] . The most popular non-linear optical materials used to generate the SHG signal so far have been inorganic bulk crystals with rather small second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities, such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), lithium triborate (LBO), β-barium borate (BBO), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), potassium niobate (KNbO3) etc., [4] . But due its lower SHG efficiency and laser damage threshold, materials scientist fo- cused their attention on organic materials because they possess large second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities due to delocalized π-electrons [5] . These crystals were composed of aromatic molecules with π electron donor and acceptor substitutions. They normally exhibit intermolecular charge transfer and lead to the required pro- perty of non centrosymmetry and make them good frequency conversion material [6] .
Diphenyl urea has a wide biological importance. It has been expected to be an excellent potential tyrosine phosphate inhibitor and sickle-cell anemia treatment drug. The structure of diphenyl urea was reported by Rajinikant et al. [7] but there are no reports available in the literature on the growth and characterizations of diphenyl urea. Not only in biological aspects, diphenyl urea can also be used as non-linear optical crystal for industrial purposes. Hence in the present article we have reported the material synthesis, growth and characterization of diphenyl urea by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystals have been subjected into structural, spectral, optical, thermal and SHG studies.
2. Experimental
Synthesis and Growth
Analar R grade samples of 1.07 g of phenylisocyanate, 0.94 g of aniline and 0.5 ml of triethyl amine are used as the reactants. The precipitated diphenylurea was filtered off and repeatedly recrystallised from ethanol to enhance the degree of purity of the synthesized compound. The chemical structure is shown in Figure 1.
The photograph of the grown crystals was shown in Figure 2.
3. Characterization Studies
The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction using Enraf Nonius-CAD 4 diffractometer. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded to confirm the presence of functional groups using Bruker: RFS 27
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Figure 2. Photograph of diphenyl urea crystals.
spectrometer in the frequency range 400 - 4000 cm−1. The optical absorption spectrum was recorded by double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Thermal stability of the crystals was tested in the temperature range 0˚ to 800˚C using NETZSCH STA 409C. The NLO property of the crystal was confirmed by Nd-YAG laser using Kurtz Perry powder test.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
The single crystal XRD analysis of the grown crystal was carried out using Enraf Nonius-CAD 4 single crystal diffractometer. This study reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic crystal system and crystallizes under non-centrosymmetric space group Pna21 with molecularformula C13H12N2O. The obtained lattice parameters are a = 9.11 Å, b = 10.56 Å, c = 11.78 Å and its volume is found to be 1133 Å which are in close agreement with the reported values [7] .
4.2. FT-IR Analysis
The FT-IR spectrum of the grown crystal was recorded within the frequency region 400 - 4000 cm−1 using Bruker: RFS 27 spectrometer. The recorded spectrum is shown in Figure 3. The presence of functional groups was identified and the band assignments are tabulated in Table 1.
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Table 1. Band assignments of diphenyl urea.
4.3. FT-Raman Analysis
The recorded FT-Raman spectrum was shown in Figure 4.
The presence of functional groups was further confirmed by Raman spectrum. The peak at 3063.75 cm−1 is due to asymmetric stretching and the peak observed at 1646.24 cm−1 is due to C-C stretching. The strong peaks at 1328 cm−1 and 1308 cm−1 are due to symmetric stretching of NO2 group. The weak bands at 1269.31 cm−1 and 1155.78 cm−1 are due to C-O stretching and C-H bending respectively. The C-N and C-NO2 stretching bands are evidenced at 1051.85 cm−1 and 913.64 cm−1. NO2 scissoring is observed at 823 cm−1.
4.4. UV-Vis Studies
The absorption spectrum of the grown crystals was measured by double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the wavelength range 200 to 800 nm and is shown in Figure 5.
The absorption spectrum plays a vital role in the fabrication of devices. It is observed that there is no remark- able absorption in the visible region and the lower cut off wavelength is 450 nm. The absence of absorption above 450 nm is an advantage, as it is the prime requirement for materials having NLO properties. It can be used as an SHG material in the visible region.
4.5. Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Studies
TGA and DSC thermograms are recorded using NETZSCH STA 409C instrument between room temperature and 700˚C in nitrogen atmosphere. Simultaneously recorded TGA and DSC thermograms are shown in Figure 6.
The recorded thermogram gives information about the phase transition, water of crystallization and different stages of decomposition of the crystal. Since the decomposition temperature is beyond 100˚C, there is no evidence for entrapped water in the crystal lattice or any adsorbed water on the crystal surface. The endothermic peak observed at 145˚C corresponds to the melting point of the crystal. The material is moisture free and is stable upto 145˚C. This is followed by two exothermic peaks at 229˚C and 347˚C which may be due to the decomposition and volatilization of the compound. The total decomposition of the crystal occurs at 748˚C and a residual mass of 1.22% is obtained. From the TGA and DSC curves it is evidenced that the crystals are stable up to 145˚C and can be used for device applications below this temperature.
4.6. Non-Linear Optical Studies
The SHG efficiency of the newly grown crystal is determined by Kurtz Perry powder test. The sample is pow- dered and is sandwiched between the two glass slides. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser emitting a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and 8 ns pulse width, with 10 Hz pulse rate was focused on the glass slides. The frequency conversion efficiency of the crystal was confirmed by the emission of green radiation from the sample. Here the conversion efficiency of the material is compared with standard reference potassium di hydrogen phosphate (KDP) sample. The SHG efficiency of the crystal is found to be 0.64 times that the standard KDP crystal.
5. Conclusion
Single crystals of diphenyl urea were grown successfully by slow evaporation of the solvent at room temperature. Single crystal XRD confirms the formation of diphenyl urea crystal with a non-centrosymmetric space group of Pna21 with lattice parameters a = 9.11 Å, b = 10.56 Å, c = 11.78 Å. Vibration frequencies were assigned from FT-IR and FT RAMAN spectral analysis which confirms the presence of functional groups. Optical absorption studies show that the sample is optically transparent over a wide wavelength region and minimum absorption is observed in the entire visible region. From the thermal measurements it was found that the com- pound is stable up to 145˚C and hence it may be useful for SHG applications below its melting point. The SHG
efficiency of the grown crystal was measured by Kurtz Perry powder test and its efficiency was found to be 0.64 times that of the standard KDP crystal. All the above strongly attributes diphenyl urea, a novel material for non linear optical applications.