Determination of Candesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma by HPLC Coupled with Mass Spectrometry ()
1. Introduction
HCTZ and CDS have been recently suggested as a combination therapy for the treatment of arterial hyperten- sion [1] . HCTZ and CDS have an additive antihypertensive effect [2] . In clinical studies the rate of the devel- oped side effects, especially cough, on the background of simultaneous HCTZ and CDS application was lower than in case of therapy using inhibitors of angitensin converting enzyme and HCTZ application without CDS [3] .
Efficacy of HCTZ/CDS combination does not depend on sex and age of patients [3] .
Several methods have been reported for the determination of either HCTZ of CDS alone in human plasma with LC-MS [4] in combination with UV or fluorescence [5] . Taking into account the availability of the com- bined drug, the development of a simple, sensitive method seems to be rather topical for the simultaneous HCTZ and CDS determination in human plasma. Several methods have been reported for LS-MS/MS determination, however, the detectors are rather expensive and they are not available for a majority of clinical centers. LC-MS detectors are less expensive and can be applied in a clinic for conducting medicamentous monitoring [6] - [9] .
There are many publications on the definition of HCTZ and CDS in biological samples. Most published stu- dies have been based on the use of expensive equipment LC-MS/MS, which is not available for many clinical centers. There are also several works using fluorometric and photometric detectors. The lake of all existing me- thods is either the sample drying step or stage derivatization, which complicate the procedure of sample prepara- tion and affect the reproducibility of the method.
This paper has been demonstrated a sensitive and selective HPLC-MS method for the quantitative assessment of CDS and HCTZ in plasma samples of healthy Russian volunteers. This method is comparable on the sensitive methods HPLS-MS/MS, and greatly facilitates specimen sample preparation which consists of one stage of the sample extraction without drying dryness that allows it to be used for routine analysis in clinical practice.
The present work reports a LC-MS method for the determination of HCTZ and CDS in human plasma.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemical and Reagents
Working standards of CDS and HCTZ were provided by EDGM (Company identification: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare). Medical drugs―tablets containing 12.5 mg HCTZ and 16 mg CDS drug Atakand Plus (Astra Zeneka AB, Sweden). HPLC: acetonitrile was purchased from the firm SPC “Cryoch- rom”, ethylacetate CP (chemically pure) and formic acid PFA (pure for analyses). All reagents were used with- out further purification. Blank human plasma was obtained from the blood bank and stored at −20˚C prior to use. Water was purified using a Milli-Q reagent Grade Water System.
2.2. Instrumentation
The LC-MS system consisted of a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer (Shimadzu LC-MS-2020) with a double source of ionization for LCMS-2020 (electrospray (ESI) and chemical (APCI)), software LabSol LCMS V5 LCMS 2020 systempack.
2.3. LC-MS Chromatographic Conditions
Chromatographic separation was performed using a high pressure pump with a double micro-plunger mechan- ism for feeding the mobile phase Shimadzu LC-20AD, an autoinjector Shimadzu SIL-20A with a mechanism of direct sample unit, an analytical column PerfectBond ODS-HD HPLC-column 5 mm 250 × 3.0 mm with a pre-column cartridge PerfectBond ODS-HD guardcartriges 5 mm 10 × 3.0, a thermostat of columns Shimadzu CTO-20A. The mobile phase was an acetonitrile solution with formic acid (0.3%) (70:30 v/v). The separation was performed under gradient conditions. m/z for CDS 441.20―positive scan, m/z for HCTZ 295.90―negative scan. Chromatographic characteristics of the method of analysis are listed in Table 1.
2.4. Standard Solutions and Calibrators
Stock standard solutions of CDS and HCTZ ((1 mg/mL) each in acetonitrile) were freshly prepared. A series of working standard solutions were diluted in acetonitrile to produce eight standard solutions ranging 10 - 250 (ng/mL) for CDS and 10 - 150 (ng/mL) for HCTZ, respectively. Matrix based calibrators were prepared by spiking 100 μL of each standard solution to a final volume of 1.00 mL plasma. Quality control samples were prepared at 10, 30, 120, 200 and 250 (ng/mL) for CDS and 10, 30, 60, 100 and 150 (ng/mL) for HCTZ. Plasma solutions were stored in subdued light at −20˚C until assay.
Тable 1. Chromatographic characteristics of the method of analysis.
2.5. Sample Preparation
To determine the HCTZ concentration in human plasma the obtained samples were thawed at room temperature. To an aliquot of 500 μL plasma in a tube with a tight cap, 1000 μL volume of ethyl acetate was added, mixed thoroughly for 1 minute, then the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The residue was chosen, filtrated using filters Millipore with a pore diameter of 0.22 μm, placed to the vials with a tight cap. A 10 μL aliquot of the solution was used for the chromatographic analyses.
To determine the CDS concentration in human plasma, the obtained samples were thawed at room tempera- ture. To an aliquot of 250 μL plasma and 250 μL volume of 0.5% formic acid solution, 1000 μL volume of ethyl acetate was added in a tube with a tight cap, mixed thoroughly for 1 minute, then the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The residue was chosen, filtrated using filters Millipore with a pore diameter of 0.22 μm, placed to the vials with a tight cap. A 10 μL aliquot of the solution was used for the chromatographic ana- lyses.
2.6. Method Validation
The method for the determination of CDS and HCTZ was been validated. Selectivity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantitation, linearity, recovery and stability were investigated during the pre-study validation phase.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass Spectrometry
An LC-MS system has been employed for the simultaneous determination of CDS and HCTZ in human plasma. Shimadzu LCMS-2020 offered high sensitivity and selectivity. m/z for CDS 441.20―positive scan, m/z for HCTZ 295.90―negative scan. The mass spectra for CDS and HCTZ are listed in Figure 1 and Figure 2, re- spectively.
3.2. Chomatography
Chromatographic separation was performed using an analytical PerfectBond ODS-HD HPLC-column 5 mm 250 × 3.0 mm with a pre-column cartridge PerfectBond ODS-HD guardcartriges 5 mm 10 × 3.0, a thermostat of columns Shimadzu CTO-20A. The mobile phase was an acetonitrile solution with formic acid (0.3%) (70:30 v/v). The flour rate was 0.2 ml/min. The quantitative determination was performed by the method of the peak areas ratio. Retention time for CDS is 6.3 - 6.5 minutes, for HCTZ is 5.4 - 5.6 minutes.
3.3. Method Validation
3.3.1. Intra-Day and Inter-Day Precision and Accuracy
Evaluation of intra-day precision and accuracy was performed by the analysis of several sample preparations with different concentrations of CDS and HCTZ in human plasma, by 6 control samples on the low level of the quantitative determination (LLQD) as well as by 6 control samples with low (QD1), medium (QD2) and high (QD3) concentrations. Intra-day % against nominal concentrations was in the ranges of 95.59% - 104.17%. In- tra-day coefficients of variations were in the ranges of 2.41% and 10.93% and 3.0% and 8.1% for HCTZ. The results are listed in Table 2. Inter-day coefficients of variation were in the range of 4.64% - 7.18% for CDS and 3.5% - 10.8% for HCTZ. Inter-day % against nominal concentrations was in the range of 99.19% - 103.35%. The data are given in Table 3.
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Figure 1. Mass spectra for CDS (CDS positive scan).
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Figure 2. Mass spectra for HCTZ (HCTZ negative scan).
3.3.2. Recovery
Absolute recovery of CDS and HCTZ was evaluated by comparing the medium areas obtained from six ex- tracted plasma standards from with QD1, QD2 and QD3 concentration with medium areas from six standards in the mobile phase. The mean absolute recovery of CDS in the standards was 85.27%, 91.63% and 77.82% for low, medium and high concentration, respectively. The mean absolute recovery for HCTZ was 50.47%, 60.41% and 66.44%, respectively. The results are given in Table 4.
3.3.3. Linearity, Linear Working Range and Calibration Models
The quantitative determination of CDS and HCTZ was performed using the method of external standardization. The calibration graph plotted by adding the available concentration of CDS and HCTZ to the intact human plasma a subsequent determination of the peak areas is described by the linear function y = (200.876)x ? 125.595 (the correlation coefficient of 0.976) for HCTZ and y = (448.517)x ? 608.977 (the correlation coeffi- cient of 0.987) for CDS where x is a meaning of concentration; y is a peak area. Response functions from cali- brators were recorded individually for CDS and HCTZ. Each was plotted against the corresponding concentra- tions in the dynamic ranges of 10 - 250 (ng/ml) for CDS and 10 - 150 (ng/ml) for HCTZ. Representative calibra- tion curves for CDS and HCTZ in human plasma are given in Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.
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Figure 3. Representative calibration curves for CDS in human plasma.
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Figure 4. Representative calibration curves for HCTZ in human plasma.
3.3.4. Low Level of the Quantitative Determination
LLQD, i.e. the low level of the standard with a coefficient of variation of less than 20% makes up 10 ng/ml with a coefficient of variation of 17.68% and % against the nominal concentration of 86.52% for HCTZ and 10.93% and % against the nominal concentration of 103.4% for CDS. Evaluation of the signal/noise ratio of LLQD was performed by comparing the medium analyte response in six processed samples of the calibration standard (CS1) with the least concentration and the mean level of noise on zero level at about retention time for analyte in six preparations of a blank sample of matrix. LLQD should demonstrate the ratio of signal/noise ≥ 5. LLQD HCTZ makes up 10 ng/ml with signal/noise ratio = 5.8. LLQD CDS makes up 10 ng/ml the ratio signal/noise = 8.4. The results are given in Table 5.
3.3.5. Stability
Short-term stability of an analyte in matrix was analyzed at room temperature. The samples were prepared on the level of control samples with QD1 and QD3 concentration. CDS and HCTZ were considered to be stable in human plasma over 24 h at room temperature after sample processing with a % change by −2.73% and 2.92% for QD1 and QD3, respectively, for CDS and with a % change by −1.77% and −10.16% for QD1 and QD3, re- spectively, for HCTZ. The results are given in Table 6.
Long-term stability of an analyte was studied at −30˚C. With a % change by 1.02% and 7.56% for QD1 and QD3, respectively, for CDS and with a % change by −1.22% and −11.82% for QD1 and QD3, respectively, for HCTZ. The data are given in Table 7.
4. Application: Pharmacokinetic Study
The validated bioanalytical method was successfully applied for the determination of plasma concentrations of CDS and HCTZ in a pharmacokinetic study in 36 healthy male volunteers, who received a tablet containing 16 mg CDS and 12.5 mg HCTZ in a fasted state. Venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected into heparinized tubes at the following time points: immediately before dose administration (0.00) and at, 0.50, 1.00, 1.33, 1.67, 2.0, 2.25, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50, 5.00, 6.00, 8.00, 12.0, 16.0, 24.0, 36.0 and 48.0 h after dosing. Blood samples were centrifuged (3000 rpm for 10 min); plasma was separated and stored at −30˚C until assay. The mean pharmacokinetic profiles are illustrated in Figure 5, Figure 6 whereas the pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, Tmax, Т1/2, AUC0 - 48 h, and AUC0 - ∞ are summarized in Table 8.
5. Conclusions
Selective, sensitive, precise and accurate LC?MS method for the simultaneous determination of CDS and HCTZ
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Table 8. Pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Figure 5. The mean pharmacokinetic profiles CDS in human plasma.
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Figure 6. The mean pharmacokinetic profiles HCTZ in human plasma.
in human plasma has been developed, optimized and validated. A limit of quantitation 10 ng/mL for CDS and HCTZ enabled an accurate evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters after dosing with CDS and HCTZ. The method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of 16 mg CDS and 12.5 mg HCTZ tablet in healthy volunteers.
Thus, developed and validated HPLC-MS method of estimating the concentration of CDS and HCTZ in hu- man blood plasma, can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring and bioequivalence studies.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.