FRIOS Parameters, Key to Reduce Feto-Maternal Mortality in Pre-Eclampsia

Amita Sharma, Archana Tiwari, Pandey Kiran, Agnihotri Meera

Department of Biochemistry, Amity University, Noida, India.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GSVM, Kanpur, India.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, V. C. S. G. Govt Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand.

DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2014.46048                

Abstract

Objective(s): To evaluate the role of free radical induced oxidative stress in predicting, prevent and prompt management of pre-eclampsia. Method(s): This prospective study was conducted on 320 pregnant women of which 240 women with pregnancy induced hypertension taken as study group and 80 normal pregnant women were taken as control. Free radical status was evaluated by estimating lipid peroxidation product malonyladehyde and antioxidants-superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software. Result(s): Pre-eclampsia is significantly associated with free radical induced oxidative stress. Serum level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde increased in pre-eclamptic women. Serum level of antioxidants SuperOxide Dismutase, Catalase level, Glutathione Reductase were reduced. Results are statistically significant. Conclusion(s): Free radical induced oxidative stress is increasing in pre-eclampsia and plays a critical role in etiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

Keywords

Free Radical Induced Oxidative Stress (FRIOS); Pre-Eclampsia; Malondialdehyde; Superoxide Dismutase; Catalase; Glutathione Reductase

1. Introduction

Pre-eclampsia is the condition in which hypertension essentially complicates the pregnancy with albuminuria. It is a multisystemic disorder affecting virtually every organ and system. In India, hypertension complicates approximately 10% - 15% pregnancies and is a major contributor to maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity [1] . Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and capacity of antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage [2] . Free radicals are formed during all cellular metabolism conducting in body [3] . Lipid damage as a result of oxidative stress is quantified by measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) [4] . Free radical production and biological oxidation can be seen in normal placental tissues, but this may not constitute oxidative stress as the balance is maintained by enhanced antioxidant activity [2] . Enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH), catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as uric acid, bilirubin, vitamins A, E and Ascorbic acid limit tissue concentrations of free radicals [5] . The imbalance between placental prooxidant and antioxidant forces in favour of prooxidant intensifies the release of lipid peroxidation into circulation leads oxidative stress and causes endothelial cell activation and dysfunction in preeclampsia [6] . This vascular contact with circulating peroxidation products causes dysfunction of vascular endothelium initiates the maternal pathological changes in pre eclampsia [3] [7] [8] . This study evaluated the role of FRIOS in PIH. In PIH, lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde, increased and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase antioxidant enzyme decreased.

2. Methods

The prospective study was conducted on pregnant women admitted from at Upper India Sugar Exchange Maternity Hospital, GSVM, Kanpur. The study group consisted of 240 women admitted with diagnosis of preeclampsia. Control group consist of 80 women with normal natural conception with healthy pregnancy and healthy outcome. Inclusion criteria were Gestational age > 28 weeks, B.P. > 140/90 mm Hg, Urine protein > +1 dip stick test, and women with chronic hypertension, Intrinsic renal disease, liver disease, urinary tract infection, gestational diabetes mellitus, anemia, were excluded from study. Women from both control and study group were studied in detail with regard to the clinical history, general, abdominal, speculum and vaginal examination, routine investigations, ultrasonography (obs). Fasting blood samples were obtained from all groups to measure the level of oxidants and antioxidants. Lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde MDA)were estimated according to the modified method by Ohkawa et al. Serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD)was determined by modified method of McCord and Fridovich, catalase (CAT) by method Aebi, glutathione reductase (GR) by spectrophotometrically. Statistical analysis of the data was done by using SPSS software. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant value.

3. Results

In our study, study group were included 240 pre-eclamptic pregnant women and control group were 80 normal pregnant women.

Table 1 shows mean age in control group was 22.85 years and in study group 24.14 years. 62.2% patients were primigravida in control group and 62.5% in study group. Mean gestational age in control group was 35.2 weeks and 34.95 weeks in study group. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in study group were 164 ± 7.66 mmHg and 102.5 ± 5.53 mmHg respectively. In control group, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 112.2 ± 6.44 mmHg and 72.2 ± 4.84 mmHg respectively.

Graphs show comparison of various enzymes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Graph 1

Table 1. Clinical parameters in control and study group.

shows mean level of lipid peroxidation end product malondialdehyde were 8.8839 ± 1.454 mol/ml plasma in study group as compared to 4.614 ± 1.323 mol/ml plasma. This difference were highly significant t = 16.25 p (<0.001).

Level of Antioxidant enzymes were found to reduce significantly. Graph 2 and Graph 3 shows the mean level of superoxide dismutase which were noted as 0.3480 ± 0.0774 unit/mg protein in study group as compared to 0.7876 ± 0.1098 units/mg/protein, Catalase levels in study group 0.071 ± 0.312 unit/mg protein in contrast to 0.2231 ± 0.0829 unit/mg protein in control group. Graph 4 shows mean level Glutathione Reductase levels in pre-eclamptic women 30.3786 ± 5.378 than 60.8930 ± 6.201 in normal pregnant women. The difference was statistically significant p < 0.01.

4. Discussion

Lipid peroxidation has been shown to be of great importance in mammalian physiology and pathophysiology in

Graph 1. Comparative evaluation of MDA levels.

Graph 2. Comparative evaluation of SOD levels.

Graph 3. Comparative evaluation of CAT levels.

Graph 4. Comparative evaluation of GR levels.

the past three decades. It has been suggested that there is a deficiency in protective antioxidant systems or increased utilization of antioxidants in pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy [9] . We found significant increase in MDA levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, in preeclampsia and eclampsia as compared to healthy pregnancy. In normal pregnancy lipid peroxidation also increased but in normal pregnancy to counteract this lipid peroxidation, there is simultaneous activation of antioxidant defense system. This phenomenon is not seen in women with pre-eclampsia. We found decreased serum GSH, SOD and catalase activity in preeclampsia and eclampsia as compared to normal pregnancy in this study.

Kumar and Das [10] showed that the activities of erythrocyte SOD and catalase were significantly decreased in women with preeclampsia compared to controls. Madazli R et al. [11] showed significant decreases in activities of placental SOD and GSH and increased catalase activity in the placenta of preeclamptic pregnancies compared to those of women with normal pregnancies. Sharma et al. [12] reported that erythrocyte SOD and CAT activity was markedly decreased in preeclamptic women compared to healthy pregnant women and non pregnant women. SOD scavenges the superoxide radical by catalyzing its dismutation into H₂O₂ and O₂. CAT is located in Mitochondrial peroxisomes (MPO), and decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to water and oxygen. At low concentration most of the H₂O₂ is removed by glutathione peroxidase which itself is reduced in the form of glutathione reductase. But at higher concentration of H₂O₂ the catalase becomes important as it decomposes H₂O₂ and helps in its removal. Chamy VM et al. [13] and Patil SB et al. [14] reported Free radical oxidative stress followed by tissue insult which is being compensated by SOD in conjunction with catalase and glutathione reductase that removes H₂O₂ from the human cells

5. Conclusion

Free radical induced oxidative stress has a critical role in etiopathogenesis of Pre-eclampsia and toxemia of pregnancy. We can predict pre-eclampsia, a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality by measuring FRIOS.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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[17]	Mac Donald-Wicks, L.K. and Garg, M.L. (2002) Modulation of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress by Dietary Fat in Rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 87-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00199-1
[18]	Serdar, Z., Gur, E., Develioglu, O., Colakogullari, M. and Dirican, M. (2002) Placental and Decidual Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defenses in Pre-Eclampsia. Lipid Peroxidation in Pre-Eclampsia. Pathophysiology, 9, 21-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4680(02)00052-4
[19]	Noyan, T., Tahin, I., Sekeroglu, M.R. and Dulger, H. (2003) The Serum Vitamin C Levels in Behcet’s Disease. Yonsei Medical Journal, 44, 771-778.
[20]	Bowen, R.S., Moodley, J., Dutton, M.F. and Theron, A.J. (2001) Oxidative Stress in Pre-Eclampsia. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica―Wiley Online Library, 80, 719-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080008719.x
[21]	Gitto, E., Retter, R.J., Karbownik, M., et al. (2002) Causes of Oxidative Stress in the Preand Perinataln Period. Biological Neonate, 81, 146-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000051527
[22]	Harsem, N.K., Braekke, K. and Staff, A.C. (2005) Augmented Oxidative Stress as Well as Antioxidant Capacity in Maternal Circulation in Pre-Eclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 45, 456-467.
[23]	Tastekin, A., Ors, R., Demircan, B., Saricam, Z., Ingec, M. and Akcay, F. (2005) Oxidative Stress in Infants Born in Pre-Eclamptic Mothers. Pediatrics International, 47, 658-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2005.02146.x
[24]	Kumar, C.A. and Das, U.N. (2000) Lipid Peroxides, Antioxidants and Nitric Oxide in Patients with Preeclampsia and Essential Hypertention. Medical Science Monitor, 6, 901-907.
[25]	Madazli, R., Benian, A., Aydin, S., Uzun, H. and Tolun, N. (2002) The Plasma and Placental Levels of Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and Superoxide Dismutase in Pre-Eclampsia. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 22, 477-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144361021000003573
[26]	Sharma, J.B., Sharma, A., Bahadur, A., Vimala, N., Satyam, A. and Mittal, S. (2006) Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Levels in Normal Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 94, 23-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.03.025
[27]	Chamy, V.M., Lepe, J., Catalán, A., Retamal, D., Escobar, J.A. and Madrid, E.M. (2006) Oxidative Stress Is Closely Related to Clinical Severity of Pre-Eclampsia. Biological Research, 39, 229-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-97602006000200005
[28]	Patil, S.B., Kodliwadmath, M.V. and Kodliwadmath, M. (2009) Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activity in Complicated Pregnancies. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, 36, 110-112.