Effects of Cow Milk Intake at Breakfast on the Circadian Typology and Mental Health of Japanese Infants Aged 1 - 6 Years

Hitomi Takeuchi, Kai Wada, Kiyoko Kawasaki, Milada Krejci, Teruki Noji, Takahiro Kawada, Miyo Nakade, Tetsuo Harada

1Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, ?eské Budějovice, Czech Republic 2Faculty of Physical Education, Palestra University, Prague.
Aoyama-Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Nutritional Management, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokai Gakuen University, Miyoshi, Japan.
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Kochi University, Aoyama-Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.

DOI: 10.4236/psych.2014.52027                

Abstract

Tryptophan intake at breakfast has been known to be effective on promoting better mental health and morning-typed life through serotonin and melatonin synthesis. For Japanese children, milk seems to be important resource for taking tryptophan at breakfast because of limited meal time in the morning. This study tries to show the effects of milk intake at breakfast on circadian typology and mental health of Japanese infants aged 1 - 6 years. An integrated questionnaire was administrated to 1100 infants aged 1 - 6 years attending nursery schools or kindergarten in June 2012. Seven hundred and forty participants (67.3%, 360 females and 380 males, mean age: 3.5 ± 1.4) answered the questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on sleep habits, the diurnal type scale by Torsvall and ?kerstedt (1980), questions on mental health (anger and depression), and meals contents and time. Infants who took milk at breakfast showed 21.2 (±3.4, n = 537) of the diurnal type scale scores on average which tended to be higher (more morning-typed) than 20.7 (±3.5, n = 142) (p = 0.085) shown by those who did not take milk. Infants who took carbohydrate (or carbohydrate and protein resource) plus milk at breakfast were significantly morning-typed than those who took only carbohydrate (or carbohydrate and protein resource) (p < 0.001). Infants who took milk at breakfast tended to be less frequently depressed than those who did not (p = 0.098). Taking milk at breakfast might be effective to promote serotonin synthesis in the morning which could improve mental health directly and become “inner” zeitgeber for circadian clocks in infants.

Keywords

Cow Milk in the Morning; Circadian Typology; Mental Health; Japanese Infants

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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