Positional release techniques as a diagnostic-therapeutic approach in physiotherapy (Short Report)
In the implementation of the PR model, osteopathic medicine has played a key role [2] in making three main techniques available: Strain-Counterstrain (SC), Facilitated Positional Release (FPR) and Technical and Functional (TF) are known as “indirect” techniques. High velocity/low amplitude technique (HVLA), Muscular energy technique (ME), and Myofascial Release (MR), are known as “direct” techniques (Figure 1 ).
In general, the former have the purpose of facilitating the modification of the restriction of mobility, going in the opposite direction to that restriction, by moving the segment affected by the restriction of mobility, to bring it towards a condition of comfort or neutral dynamic; on the other hand, the latter face such restrictions by moving the segment towards the same restriction. Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of the two groups of techniques.
In daily practice it can be increasingly observed that “indirect” techniques are used, as in conditions of severe pain, recent trauma, post-surgery, severe osteoporosis, or as preparation for more specific and defined (e.g. “direct”) manoeuvres for dysfunctional tissue.
In this regard, physiotherapy provides methods and concepts such as the Mc Kenzie or Mulligan techniques, supported by sufficient evidence of effectiveness. In contrast, the mechanisms that make the PR treatment model a valid therapeutic proposal are not yet entirely clear, as the studies reported in the literature remain rather limited. The use of this model begins, however, with the concept that in hypertonia or contraction it does not tend to reinforce the stretching, but attempts to find ways to provide opportunities for change to the tissue moving away from the restriction of mobility, namely holding or supporting hypertonic tissues and/or contractions in an analgesic and shortening position, and thus induce a spontaneous change.
According to some authors, the maintenance of tissues in a state of comfort during treatment PR creates improved circulation, resulting in a reduction of ischemia
Figure 1 . HVLA and soft tissue techniques.
Table 1 . The main characteristics of the two groups of techniques.
[3]. Further studies suggest a dampening effect on the overall level of excitability within the restricted zone of mobility, with a decrease in spinal facilitation [4], while others propose the proprioceptive hypothesis according to which mechanisms come into play with feedback in the CNS, which is the main afferent response of the neuromotor spindles would be modulated by a further spindle function which includes the efferent system range controlled by higher brain centres [5].
The hypotheses cited so far still remain poorly supported at the scientific level, but the widespread use of PR within the osteopathic profession and the presence of similarities with the classic “indirect” methods mentioned above call for a reflection on the importance of its use in the field of physiotherapy. A deeper understanding of this type of therapeutic approach, especially its well known and widespread variant, Strain-Counterstrain, could, through controlled trials and systematic reviews, confirm its effectiveness, definitively explain the neurophysiological mechanism, and therefore make Positional Release another indispensable option in the professional expertise of the physiotherapist.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr Liam Boyle for translating and editing this paper.