Liquid Column Deformation and Particle Size Distribution in Gas Atomization

Georgios S. E. Antipas

.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2011.22012                

Abstract

A water-gas flow injected by a close coupled atomizer was studied via High Speed Photography and Phase Doppler Anemometry. The formation of a wave disturbance on the surface of the water column was confirmed. The flow converged within an area approximately 3 mm in diameter, independent of atomization conditions. The particle size distribution across the spray suggested a trend of decreasing particle sizes and particle velocities with increasing distance from the spray axis of symmetry.

Keywords

Liquid Column Deformation, Two Phase Flow, Atomization, High Speed Photography, Laser Doppler Anemometry

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	C. Dumouchel, J. Cousin and K. Triballier, “Experimental Analysis of Liquid-Gas Interface at Low Weber Number: Interface Length and Fractal Dimension,” Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 651-666. doi:10.1007/s00348-005-1005-5
[2]	L. Fei, S. Xu and S. Huang, “Relaxation and Breakup of a Cylindrical Liquid Column,” Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2008, pp. 145-152. doi:10.1007/s11431-008-0018-8
[3]	J. Shinjo and A. Umemura, “Simulation of Liquid Jet Primary Breakup: Dynamics of Ligament and Droplet Formation,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 36, No. 7, 2010, pp. 513-532. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2010.03.008
[4]	C. L. Ng, R. Sankarakrishnana and K. A. Sallam, “Bag Breakup of Nonturbulent Liquid Jets in Crossflow,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2008, pp. 241-259.
[5]	D. R. Guildenbecher, C. López-Rivera and P. E. Sojka, “Secondary Atomization,” Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2009, pp. 371-402. doi:10.1007/s00348-008-0593-2
[6]	M. Arai, M. Shimizu and H. Hiroyasu, “Break-up Length and Spray Formation Mechanism of a High Speed Liquid Jet,” Proceedings of the International Conference of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS-88), London, 1988, pp. 177-184.
[7]	H. Hiroyasu, M. Shimizu and M. Arai, “The Breakup of a High Speed Jet in a High Pressure Gaseous Atmosphere,” Proceedings of the International Conference of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS-82), Madison, 1982, pp. 69-74.
[8]	R. Ingebo, “Experimental and Theoretical Effects of Nitrogen Gas Flow Rate on Liquid-Jet Atomization,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 4, No. 5, 1988, pp. 406-411. doi:10.2514/3.23081
[9]	M. Kim and H. Jones, “Effect of Process Variables in Gas-Jet Atomization and Production of Multilayer Deposits,” Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Rapidly Quenched Metals, Sendai, 1981, pp. 85-88.
[10]	B. Pai and B. Nijaguna, "The Charecterization of Sprays,” International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Madison, 1982, pp. 29-35.
[11]	R. Reitz, “Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays,” Atomization and Spray Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1987, pp. 309-337.
[12]	J. See and G. Johnston, “Interactions between Nitrogen Jets and Liquid Lead and Tin Streams,” Powder Technology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1978, pp. 119-133. doi:10.1016/0032-5910(78)80115-6
[13]	A. ünal, “Effect of Processing Variables on Particle Size in Gas Atomization of Rapidly Solidified Aluminium Powders,” Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 3, 1987, pp. 1029-1039.
[14]	S. Zanelli, “Behaviour of a Liquid Jet near the Nozzle,” International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 1988, pp. 1-14.
[15]	C. Dumouchel, “On the Experimental Investigation on Primary Atomization of Liquid Streams,” Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2008, pp. 371-422. doi:10.1007/s00348-008-0526-0
[16]	B. Vukasinovic, M. K. Smith and A. Glezer, “Mechanisms of Free-Surface Breakup in Vibration-Induced Liquid Atomization,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2007, pp. 012104-012104-15. doi:10.1063/1.2434799
[17]	G. Gordon, “Mechanism and Speed of Breakup of Drops,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, No. 11, 1959, pp. 1759-1761. doi:10.1063/1.1735050
[18]	F. Haas, “Stability of Droplets Suddenly Exposed to a High Velocity Gas Stream,” AIChE Journal, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1964, pp. 920-924. doi:10.1002/aic.690100627
[19]	J. Hinze, “Fundamentals of the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Splitting in Dispersion Processes,” AIChE Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1955, pp. 289-295. doi:10.1002/aic.690010303
[20]	S. Mehrota, “Mathematical Modeling of Gas Atomization Process for Metal Powder Production,” Powder Metallurgy International, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1998, pp. 80-84.
[21]	M. Gorokhovski and M. Herrmann, “Modeling Primary Atomization,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2008, pp. 343-366. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102200
[22]	H. P. Trinh, C. P. Chen and M. S. Balasubramanyam, “Numerical Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization Including Turbulence Effects,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 129, No. 4, 2007, pp. 920-928.
[23]	J. Ishimoto, K. Ohira, K. Okabayashi and K. Chitose, “Integrated Numerical Prediction of Atomization Process of Liquid Hydrogen Jet,” Cryogenics, Vol. 48, No. 5-6, 2008, pp. 238-247. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2008.03.006
[24]	K. Pougatcha, M. Salcudeana, E. Chanb and B. Knapper, “A Two-Fluid Model of Gas-Assisted Atomization Including Flow through the Nozzle, Phase Inversion, and Spray Dispersion,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 35, No. 7, 2009, pp. 661-675. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2009.03.001
[25]	G. S. E. Antipas, “Modeling of the Break up Mechanism in Gas Atomization of Liquid Metals, Part I. The Surface Wave Formation Model,” Computational Materials Science, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006, pp. 416-422. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.03.009
[26]	D. Bradley, “On the Atomization of Liquids by High-Velocity Gases,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 6, No. 14, 1973, pp. 1724-1736. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/6/14/309
[27]	N. Dombrowski and W. Johns, “The Aerodynamic Instability and Disintegration of Viscous Liquid Sheets,” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1963, pp. 203-214. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(63)85005-8
[28]	G. S. E. Antipas, “Modeling of the Break up Mechanism in Gas Atomization of Liquid Metals, Part II. The Gas Flow Model,” Computational Materials Science, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2009, pp. 955-959. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.04.046
[29]	G. Antipas, C. Lekakou and P. Tsakiropoulos, “The Break up of Melt Streams by High Pressure Gases in Spray Forming,” Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spray Forming, Swansea, 1993, pp. 15-24.