Value Addition to Waste Material Supported by Removal of Available Phosphate from Simulated Brackish Water—A Low Cost Approach

S. Malavipathirana, S. Wimalasiri, N. Priyantha, S. Wickramasooriya, A. Welagedara, G. Renman

Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Perradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

DOI: 10.4236/gep.2013.12002                

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the major nutrients that have been identified as a limited resource that would end up earlier than predicted at the rate of current consumption. Therefore, attempts to recover phosphorus from waste and its subsequent use are a concern of current researchers. Nevertheless, recovery of nutrients from wastewater is cumbersome because nutrients such as phosphates () and nitrates () prefer to remain in aqueous phase rather than being adsorbed on solid matrixes. Investigation of adsorption of available - P from simulated brackish water, on granulated solid waste material, prepared by crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC), and subsequent use of the material as phosphate fertilizer would be the focus of this research. Treatment of nutrient-rich brackish water is important because such water is discharged in huge volume at the time of harvesting of shrimp aquaculture ponds. Experiments conducted in simulated brackish water confirmed non-linear adsorption association with changing distribution coefficient (K_D) which attributed the maximum removal of about 98% - P from 100 mgdm^-3solution at its value of 40. The non-linear adsorption supported by both the Langumuir and the Freundlich isotherm models simultaneously satisfied monolayer adsorption and multilayer adsorption depicted by the regression coefficients of greater than .99 by the linearized forms of the isotherm models. Moreover, promising phosphate uptakes characteristics are exhibited by the adsorbent at the process of repetitive adsorption which resulted in 12 g/kg uptake of phosphate at 81% efficiency. The adsorbent seems to be used as a slow-released phosphorus fertilizer at the end of its life as an adsorbent.

Keywords

Aquaculture; Adsorption; Distribution Coefficient; Nutrient Loading; Phosphate Fertilizer; Pollution; Potentially Toxic Elements

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Arfaoui, S., Frini-Srasra, N., & Srasra, E. (2008). Modelling of the adsorption of the chromium ion by modified clays. Desalination, 222, 474-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.014
[2]	Colt, J. (2006). Water quality requirements for reuse systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 34, 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.011
[3]	Dada, A. O., Olalekan, A. P., Olatunya, A. M., & Dada, O. (2012). Langumuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of Zn2+ unto phosphoric acid modified rice husk. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 38-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5736-0313845
[4]	Ebie, Y., Kondo, T., Kadoya, N., Mouri, M., Maruyama, O., Noritake, S., Inamorai, Y., & Xu, K. (2008). Recovery oriented phosphorus adsorption process in decentralized advanced Johkasou. Water Science & Technology—WST, 57, 1977-1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.337
[5]	Editorial (2013). Dicyandiamide contamination of milk powders. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 42, 63-64.
[6]	Goldberg, S. (1995). Ch. 5: Adsorption models incorporated into chemical equilibrium models. In Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction models (pp. 75-95). Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy.
[7]	Grathwohl (2005/06). Sorption III: Models, HGC 1 2005/06 (pp. sorption 1-15).
[8]	Kawasaki, N., Ogata, F., & Tominaga, H. (2010). Selective adsorption behavior of phosphate onto aluminum hydroxide gel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181, 574-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.051
[9]	Kuzawa, K., Jung, Y.-J., Kiso, Y., Yamada, T., Nagi, M., & Lee, T.-G. (2006). Phosphate removal and recovery with a synthetic hydrotalcite as an adsorbent. Chemosphere, 62, 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.015
[10]	Le, T. X., & Munekage, Y. (2004). Residues of selected antibiotics in water and mud from shrimp ponds in mangrove areas in Viet Nam. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49, 922-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.016
[11]	Lichtfouse, E., Schwarzbauer, J., & Robert, D. (2005). Environmental chemistry, green chemistry and pollutants in ecosystem. New York: Springer International Ed.
[12]	Lim, L. B. L., Priyantha, N., Tennakoon, D. T. B., & Dahri, M. K. (2012). Biosorption of cadmium(II) and copper(II) ions from aqu- eous solution by core of Artocarpus odoratissimus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 3250-3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0831-2
[13]	Malavipathirana, S., Mubarak, M. N. A., & Perera, K. M. P. A. H. (2013). An assessment of heavy metal contamination in marine sediments: Precautionary measures for environmental impact management at harbor development—Galle harbor Sri Lanka. Journal of Ecotechnology Research, 17, 29-33.
[14]	Malavipathirana, S., Wimalasiri, S., Priyantha, N., Wickramasooriya, S., Welagedara, A., & Renman, G. (2013). removal of available phosphate from simulated brackish water—A low cost preliminary approach. International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering (submitted).
[15]	Marhaba, T. F., Mangmeechai, A., Chaiwatpongsakorn, C., & Pavasant, P. (2006). Trihalomethane formation potential of shrimp farm effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136, 151-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.011
[16]	Njoku, V. O., Oguzie, E. E., Obi, C., Bello, O. S., & Ayuk, A. A. (2011). Adsorption of copper(II) and lead(II) from aqueous solutions onto a Nigerian natural clay. Australian journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5, 346-353.
[17]	Okieien, F. E., Okundia, E. U., & Ogbeifun, D. E. (1991). Sorption of cadmium and lead ions on modified groundnut (Arachis hypogea) husks. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 51, 97- 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280510110
[18]	Paul, B. G., & Vogal, C. R. (2011). Impacts of shrimp farming in Bangladesh: Challenges and alternatives. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54, 201-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.12.001
[19]	Palanisamy, P. N., & Sivakumar, P. (2009). Kinetic and isotherm studies of the adsorption of Acid Blue 92 using a low-cost non-conventional activated carbon. Desalination, 249, 388-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.006
[20]	Pillai, S. S., Mullassery, M. D., Fernandez, N. B., Girija, N., Geetha, P., & Koshy, M. (2013). Biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by chemically modified potato starch: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 92, 199-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.020
[21]	Priyantha, N., & Bandaranayaka, A. (2011). Interaction of Cr(VI) species with thermally treated brick clay. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18, 75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0358-3
[22]	Renman, G., & Renman, A. (2012). WASCON 2012 Conference proceedings. Sustainable use of crushed autoclaved concrete (CAAC) as a filter medium in wastewater purification.
[23]	Rico, A., Satapornvanit, K., Haque, M. M., & van den Brink, P. (2010). Contamination risks: Situation appraisal, Use of chemicals and biological products in (sub)tropical Asian Aquaculture: current situation and research needs for an environmental risk assessment. SEAT Deliverable Ref: D 2.5b. University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, United Kingdom, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Denmark, Shanghai Ocean University College of Fisheries and life Sciences, China, can Tho University College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Vietnam and The Food and Agriculture organization, Italy.
[24]	Sapkota, A., Sapkota, A. R., Kucharski, M., Burke, J., McKenzie, S., Walker, P., & Lawrence, R. (2008). Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: Current knowledge and future priorities. Environmental International, 34, 1215-1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.009
[25]	Wu, X.-Y., & Yang, Y.-F. (2010). Accumulation of heavy metals and total phosphorus in intensive aquatic farm sediments: Comparison of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × oreochromis aureu, Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farms. Aquaculture Research, 41, 1377-1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02427.x