[1]
|
Energy Information Administration (EIA), “World Oil Markets, Official Energy Statistics US Government,” 2006. http://www.eia.doc.gov/oiaf/pdf/emissions.pdf
|
[2]
|
USDA, “Biomass and Feedstocks for a BioEnergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Bil-lion-Ton Annual Supply,” 2005.
|
[3]
|
IEA BioEnergy, “Global Wood Pellet Markets and Industry: Policy, Drivers, Market Status and Raw Material Potential,” 2007.
|
[4]
|
L. Nikolaisen, M. Junginger, S. C. Goh, J. Heinimo, D. Bradley and R. Hess, “Global Wood Pellet Industry Market and Trade Study,” 2011.
|
[5]
|
X. Li, E. Mupondwa, S. Panigrahi, L. Tabil, S. Sokhansanj and M. Stumborg, “A Review of Agricultural Crop Residue Supply in Canada for Cellulosic Ethanol Production,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 5, 2012, pp. 2954-2965.
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.013
|
[6]
|
R. Samson, S. Mani, R. Boddey, S. Sokhansanj, D. Quesada and S. Urquiaga, “The Potential of C4 Perennial Grasses for Developing a Global BIOHEAT Industry,” Critical Review in Plant Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 5-6, 2005, pp. 461-495. doi:10.1080/07352680500316508
|
[7]
|
C. Schmidl, M. Luisser, E. Padouvas, L. Lasselsberger, M. Rzaca and C. Ramirez-Santa Cruz, “Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Manually and Automatically Fired Small Scale Combustion Systems,” Atmosphere Environment, Vol. 45, No. 39, 2011, pp. 7443-7454.
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.006
|
[8]
|
J. H. Cherney, “Benefits of Grass Biomass,” Cornell University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 2006.
|
[9]
|
C. L’Orange, J. Volckens and M. DeFoort, “Influence of Stove Type and Cooking Pot Temperature on Particulate Matter Emissions from Biomass Cook Stoves,” Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2012, pp. 448-455. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2012.08.008
|
[10]
|
J. H. Cherney, Combustion Technology Issues, 2002.
|
[11]
|
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), “Alkali Deposits Found in Biomass Boilers,” US Department of Energy, Washington DC, 1996.
|
[12]
|
R. Sampson, M. Drisdelle, L. Mulkins, C. Lapointe and P. Duxbury, “The Use of Switchgrass Biofuel Pellets as a Greenhouse Gas Offset Strategy,” 2000.
|
[13]
|
R. Sampson, C. Ho Lem, S. Bailey-Stamler and J. Dooper. “Developing Energy Crops for Thermal Applications,” Resource Efficient Agricultural Production Canada, SteAnne-de-Bellevue.
|
[14]
|
S. Q. Turn, C. M. Kinoshita and D. M. Ishimura, “Removal of Inorganic Constituents of Biomass Feedstocks by Mechanical Dewatering and Leaching,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1997, pp. 241-252.
doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00005-6
|
[15]
|
S. Paulrud and C. Nilsson, “Briquetting and Combustion of Spring-Harvested Reed Canary-Grass: Effect of Fuel Composition,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2000, pp. 25-35. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00061-1
|
[16]
|
H. P. Michelsen, F. Frandsen, K. Dam-Johansen and O. H. Larsen, “Deposition and High Temperature Corrosion in a 10 MW Straw Fired Boiler,” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 54, No. 1-3, 1998, pp. 95-108.
doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(97)00062-3
|
[17]
|
B. M. Jenkins,R. R. Bakker and J. B. Wei, “On the Properties of Washed Straw,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1995, pp. 177-200.
doi:10.1016/0961-9534(95)00058-5
|
[18]
|
C. Gilbe, “Slagging Characteristics during Residential Combustion of Biomass Pellets,” Energy and Fuels, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 3536-3543. doi:10.1021/ef800087x
|
[19]
|
G. Hadders and R. Olsson, “Harvest of Grass for Combustion in Late Summer and in Spring,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1997, pp. 171-175.
doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00047-5
|
[20]
|
P. Teixeira, H. Lopes, I. Gulyurtlu, N. Lapa and P. Abelha, “Evaluation of Slagging and Fouling Tendency during Biomass Co-Firing with Coal in a Fluidized Bed,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 39, 2012, pp. 192-203.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.01.010
|
[21]
|
E. Gustafsson, L. Lin and M. Strand, “Characterization of Particulate Matter in the Hot Product Gas from Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasifiers,” Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 35, Suppl. 1, 2011, pp. 71-78.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.053
|
[22]
|
C. A. Ogden, K. E. Ileleji, K. D. Johnson and Q. Wang, “In-Field Direct Combustion Fuel Property Changes of Switchgrass Harvested from Summer to Fall,” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 91, No. 3, 2009, pp. 266-271.
doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.007
|
[23]
|
A. Demirbas, “Demineralization of Agricultural Residues by Water Leaching,” Energy Sources, Vol. 25, No. 7, 2003, p. 679. doi:10.1080/00908310390212390
|
[24]
|
M. Olsson, “Wheat Straw and Peat for Fuel Pellets— Organic Compounds from Combustion,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2006, pp. 555-564.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.01.005
|
[25]
|
L. S. Johansson, C. Tullin, B. Leckner and P. Sjovall, “Particle Emissions from Biomass Combustion in Small Combustors,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2003, pp. 435-446. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00036-9
|
[26]
|
C. Davidson, R. Phalen and P. Solomon, “Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: A Review,” Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 39, No. 8, 2005, pp. 737-749. doi:10.1080/02786820500191348
|
[27]
|
A. Obernberger, F. Biedermann, W. Widmann and R. Riedl, “Concentrations of Inorganic Elements in Biomass Fuels and Recovery in Different Ash Fractions,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1996, pp. 211-224.
doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00051-7
|
[28]
|
J. Burvall, “Influence of Harvest Time and Soil Type of Fuel Quality in Reed Canary Grass,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1996, pp. 149-154.
doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00064-5
|
[29]
|
B. Tonn, U. Thumm, I. Lewandowski and W. Claupein, “Leaching of Biomass from Semi-Natural Grasslands— Effects on Chemical Composition and as High-Temperature Behavior,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 36, 2011, pp. 390-403. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.11.014
|
[30]
|
V. Skoulou,E. Kantarelis, S. Arvelakis,W. Yang and A. Zabaniotou, “Effect of Biomass Leaching on H2 Production, Ash and Tar Behavior during High Temperature Steam Gasification (HTSG) Process,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 14, 2009, pp. 5666-5673. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.117
|
[31]
|
B. Tonn, V. Dengler, U. Thumm, H. Piepho and W. Claupein, “Influence of Leaching on the Chemical Composition of Grassland Biomass for Combustion,” Grass and Forage Science, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2011, pp. 464-467.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00804.x
|
[32]
|
B. M. Jenkins, R. R. Bakker and J. B. Wei, “On the Properties of Washed Straw,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1996, pp. 177-200.
doi:10.1016/0961-9534(95)00058-5
|