Myocardial Infarction and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Chinese Population: Relationship with Lipoproteins and Adipokines

Jessica Smith, Zhenjun Liu, Huiling Lu, Daowen Wang, Katherine Cianflone

.

DOI: 10.4236/cm.2010.13014                

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Adipokines and inflammatory factors play an important role in disease progression. Two cardiovascular diseases which have important contributions to mortality and morbidity in China are in-tracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and myocardial infarction (MI). Acylation stimulating protein has been shown in North American populations to have strong associations with risk factors for MI. Complement C3 (C3) a component of the innate complement immune system is the precursor protein to ASP; C3 has been impli-cated in the pathogenesis of ICH. OBJECTIVE: In this case-control study we examined the association be-tween BMI, lipoproteins adiponectin, C3 and ASP) in a Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three groups of subjects were studied: ICH group (N = 41), MI group (N = 60) and a control group (N = 44). There was no difference in BMI for either ICH or MI compared to controls (Control: 22.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2; ICH: 21.3 ± 0.4 vs MI: 22.5 ± 0.2, ICH and MI versus control pNS). The ICH group had lower LDL-C (Control: 3.21 ± 0.13 mmol/L; ICH: 2.54 ± 0.13; MI: 2.99 ± 0.13; ICH vs control p < 0.05), total cholesterol (Control: 5.06 ± 0.16 mmol/L; ICH: 4.40 ± 0.15 ; MI: 4.51 ± 0.14 ; ICH and MI vs control p < 0.05),, HDL-C (Control: 1.34 ± 0.05 mmol/L; ICH: 1.22 ± 0.06; MI: 0.95 ± 0.04; ICH and MI vs control p < 0.05), and C3 (Control: 2.58 ? 0.21 g/L; ICH: 1.85 ? 0.19; MI: 2.87 ? 0.16; ICH vs control p < 0.05), and higher TG (Control: 1.10 ± 0.07 mmol/L; ICH: 1.77 ± 0.17; MI: 1.61 ± 0.10, ICH and MI vs control p < 0.05), compared to the controls. The MI group had lower total cholesterol and HDL-C and higher TG and ASP (Control: 33.70 ? 2.07 nM; ICH: 35.10 ? 2.33; MI: 41.50 ? 1.81; MI vs control p < 0.05) compared to control. CONCLUSION: Chinese men and women who had an MI displayed elevated ASP unrelated to an increase in the precursor protein, C3. Chinese men and women with ICH had ASP levels similar to controls yet lower C3 suggesting that C3, and the regulation of C3 conversion to ASP may be important in ICH disease pathology.

Keywords

Myocardial Infarction, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Acylation Stimulating Protein, Complement C3, Adiponectin

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	M. E. Fewel, B. G. Jr Thompson and J. T. Hoff, “Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review,” Neurosurg Focus, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2003, p. E1.
[2]	Z. Chen, G. Yang, M. Zhou, M. Smith, A. Offer, J. Ma, L. Wang, H. Pan, G. Whitlock, R. Collins, S. Niu and R. Peto, “Body Mass Index and Mortality from Ischaemic Heart Disease in A Lean Population: 10 Year Prospective Study of 220,000 Adult Men,” International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2006, pp. 141-150.
[3]	B. Jiang, W. Z. Wang, H. Chen, Z. Hong, Q. D. Yang, S. P. Wu, X. L. Du and Q. J. Bao, “Incidence and Trends of Stroke and Its Subtypes in China: Results from Three Large Cities,” Stroke, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2006, pp. 63-68.
[4]	L. F. Zhang, J. Yang, Z. Hong, G. G. Yuan, B. F. Zhou, L. C. Zhao, Y. N. Huang, J. Chen and Y. F. Wu, “Proportion of Different Subtypes of Stroke in China,” Stroke, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2003, pp. 2091-2096.
[5]	L. Wang, L. Kong, F. Wu, Y. Bai and R. Burton, “Preventing Chronic Diseases in China,” Lancet, Vol. 366, No. 9499, 2005, pp. 1821-1824.
[6]	M. J. McQueen, S. Hawken, X. Wang, S. Ounpuu, A. Sniderman, J. Probstfield, K. Steyn, J. E. Sanderson, M. Hasani, E. Volkova, K. Kazmi and S. Yusuf, “Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins as Risk Markers of Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries (the INTERHEART study): A Case-Control Study,” Lancet, Vol. 372, No. 9634, 2008, pp. 224-233.
[7]	X. F. Zhang, J. Attia, C. D'Este, X. H. Yu and X. G. Wu, “A Risk Score Predicted Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in a Chinese Cohort,” Journal of Clinical Epide-miology, Vol. 58, No. 9, 2005, pp. 951-958.
[8]	National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, “Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report,” Circulation, Vol. 106, No. 25, 2002, pp. 3143-3421.
[9]	T. O. Cheng, “The Current State of Cardiology in China,” International Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 96, No. 3, 2004, pp. 425-439.
[10]	S. Yang, T. Nakamura, Y. Hua, R. F. Keep, J. G. Younger, Y. He, J. T. Hoff and G. Xia, “The Role of Complement C3 in Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, Vol. 26, No. 12, 2006, pp. 1490-1495.
[11]	J. Parry, “China and Japan Face Epidemic of Heart Disease,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, 2004, p. 643.
[12]	M. Faraj, H. L. Lu and K. Cianflone, “Diabetes, lipids and adipocytes secretagogues,” Biochem Cell Biol, Vol. 82, No. 1, 2004, pp. 170-190.
[13]	X. Zhang, H. Li, S. Hu, L. Zhang, C. Lui, C. Zhu, R. Liu and C. Li, “Brain Edema after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats: the Role of Inflammation,” Neurology India, Vol. 54, No. 4, 2006, pp. 402-407.
[14]	H. F. Chen, X. M. Wang, J. Q. Luo, Z. J. Zheng, R. D. Wu and R. L. Xu, “Change in Humoral Immunological Function and Their Clinical Significance in Patients with Cerebral Hemorrhage,” Chinese Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2005, pp. 177-179.
[15]	M. Maslowska, H. Vu, S. Phelis, A. D. Sniderman, B. M. Rhode, D. Blank and K. Cianflone, “Plasma Acylation Stimulating Protein, Adipsin and Lipids in Non-Obese and Obese populations,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 29, No. 8, 1999, pp. 679-686.
[16]	X. F. Zhang, J. Attia, C. D'Este and X. Y. Ma, “The Relationship Between Higher Blood Pressure and Ischemic, Haemorrhagic Stroke among Chinese and Caucasians: Meta-Analysis,” European Journal of Cardio-vascular Prevention Rehabilitation, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006, pp. 429-437.
[17]	H. C. Kim, C. M. Man, S. H. Jee and I. Suh, “Comparison of Blood Pressure — Associated Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study,” Hypertension, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2005, pp. 393-397.
[18]	G. R. Sutherland and R. N. Auer, “Primary in-Tracerebral Hemorrhage,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, Vol. 13, No. 5, 2006, pp. 511- 517.
[19]	N. Miyamatsu, T. Kadowaki, T. Okamura, T. Ma-yakawa, Y. Kita, A. Okayama, Y. Nakamura, I. Oki and H. Ueshima, “Different Effects of Blood Pressure on Mortality from Stroke Subtypes Depending on BMI Levels: A 19- Year Cohort Study in the Japanese General Population — NIPPON DATA80,” Journal of Human Hypertension, Vol. 19, 2005, pp. 285-291.
[20]	N. Badjatia and J. Rosand, “Intracerebral Hemorrhage,” Neurologist, Vol. 11, No. 6, 2005, pp. 311-324.
[21]	H. Iso, D. J. Jr Jacobs, D. Wentworth, I. D. Neaton and J. D. Cohen, “Serum Cholesterol Levels and Six Year Mortality from Stroke in 350,977 Men Screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial,” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 320, No. 14, 1989, pp. 904-910.
[22]	K. Cianflone, Z. Xia and L. Y. Chen, “Critical Review of Acylation-Stimulating Protein Physiology in Humans and Rodents,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 1609, No. 2, 2003, pp. 127-143.
[23]	A. F. Ducruet, B. E. Zacharia, Z. L. Hickman, B. T. Gro-belny, M. L. Yeh, S. A. Sosunov and E. S. Jr Connolly, “The Complement Casade as a Therapeutic Target in Intracerebral Hemorrhage,” Experimental Neurology, Vol. 219, No. 2, 2009, pp. 398-403.
[24]	S. Soderberg, B. Stegmayr, H. Stenlund, L. G. Sjostrom, A. Agren, L. Johansson, L. Weinehall and T. Olsson, “Leptin, But not Adiponectin, Predicts Stroke in Males,” Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 256, No. 2,2004, pp. 128-136.
[25]	S. Yang, T. Nakamura, Y. Hua, R. F. Keep, J. G. Younger, J. T. Hoff and G. Xi, “Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Complement C3-Deficient Mice,” Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, Vol. 96, 2006, pp. 227-231.