Square Wave Voltammetry for Analytical Determination of Cadmium in Natural Water Using Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-Modified Platinum Electrode

Moulay Abderrahim El Mhammedi, Mounia Achak, Mina Bakasse

.

DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2010.13019                

Abstract

This paper reports on the development of a novel electrochemical assay for cadmium (II) in natural water, which involves the use of disposable hydroxyapatite modified platinum electrode (HAP/Pt). Cadmium (II) was preconcentrated on the surface of the modified electrode and adsorbed onto HAP and oxidized at E = –680 mV. The HAP-modified platinum electrode exhibited superior performance in comparison to the plati- num electrode and surprisingly, yielded a higher electrochemical response. The best defined anodic peak was obtained with 0.2 mol L-1 KNO3 pH 5.0 after 25 min of accumulation time. Using these conditions, the cali- bration plot was linear over the range 1 × 10?8 to 5 × 10?6 mol L-1 Cd2+. The precision was examined by car- rying out eight replicate measurements at a concentration of 2.5 ×10?5 mol L-1; the coefficient of variation was 2.9%. The method was applied to the determination of the analyte in river water samples. The interfere- ence of other metal ions on the voltammetric response of Cd(II) was studied. The HAP films was clearly ob- served in the SEM images and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis.

Keywords

Hydroxyapatite, Cadmium, Platinum Electrode, Square Wave Voltammetry

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	R. K. Srivastav, S. K. Gupta, K. D. P. Nigam and P. Vasudevan, “Treatment of Chromium and Nickel in Wastewater by Using Aquatic Plants,” Water Research, Vol. 28, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 1631-1638.
[2]	P. J. Apostoli, “Elements in Environmental and Occupa- tional Medicine,” Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 778, No. 1, October 2002, pp. 63-97.
[3]	M. G. R. Vale, M. M. Silva, B. Welz and é. C. Lima, “Determination of Cadmium, Copper and Lead in Mineral Coal Using Solid Sampling Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,” Spectrochimica Acta B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1859-1873.
[4]	E. B. Bulska, M. Walcerz, W. Jedral and A. Hulanick, “On-Line Preconcentration of Lead and Cadmium for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Flow-through Electrochemical Microcell,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 357, No. 1-2, December 1997, pp. 133-140.
[5]	M. W. Wensing, D. Y. Liu, B. W. Smith and J. D. Wine- fordner, “Determination of Lead in Whole Blood Using a Capacitively Coupled Wave Plasma Atomic Emission Spec- trometer,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 299, No. 1, December 1994, pp. 1-7.
[6]	N. Cardellicchio, S. Cavalli and J. M. Riviello, “Determination of Cadmium and Lead at μg/1 Levels in Aqueous Matrices by Chelation Ion Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 640, No. 1-2, 1993, pp. 207-216.
[7]	B. Paull, M. Foulkes and P. Jones, “High-Performance Chelation Ion Chromatographic Determination of Trace Metals in Coastal Sea-Water Using Dye-Impregnated Resins,” Analyst, Vol. 119, No. 5, 1994, pp. 937-941.
[8]	D. Dragoe, N. Spataru, R. Kawasaki, A. Manivannan, T. Spataru, D. Tryk and A. Fujishima, “Detection of Trace Levels of Pb2+ in Tap Water at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes with Anodic Stripping Voltammetry,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 51, No. 12, 2006, pp. 2437-2441.
[9]	S. Laschi, I. Palchetti and M. Mascini, “Gold-Based Screen-Printed Sensor for Detection of Trace Lead,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 114, No. 1, March 2006, pp. 460-465.
[10]	J. M. Zen and S. Y. Huang, “Square-Wave Voltammetric Determination of Lead(II) with a Nafion?/2,2-Bipyridyl Mercury Film Electrode,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 296, No. 1, September 1994, pp. 77-86.
[11]	V. Rehacek, I. Hotovy and M. Vojs, “Bismuth-Coated Diamond-Like Carbon Microelectrodes for Heavy Metals Determination,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 127, No. 1, October 2007, pp. 193-197.
[12]	M. Ghiaci, B. Rezaei and R. J. Kalbasi, “High Selective SiO2–Al2O3 Mixed-Oxide Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Pb(II),” Talanta, Vol. 73, No. 1, August 2007, pp. 37-45.
[13]	L. Y. Cao, J. B. Jia and Z. H. Wang, “Sensitive Deter- mination of Cd and Pb by Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry with in situ Bismuth-Modified Zeolite Doped Carbon Paste Electrodes,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, No. 5, January 2008, pp. 2177-2182.
[14]	K. Kalcher, “Chemically Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes in Voltammetric Analysis,” Electroanalysis, Vol. 2, No. 6, August 1990, pp. 419-433.
[15]	K. Kalcher, J. M. Kauffmann, J. Wang, I. Svancara, K. Vytras, C. Neuhold and Z. Yang, “Sensors Based on Carbon Paste in Electrochemical Analysis: A Review with Particular Emphasis on the Period 1990-1993,” Electroanalysis, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 5-22.
[16]	S. C. C. Monterroso, H. M. Carapu?a, J. E. J. Sim?o and A. C. Duarte, “Optimisation of Mercury Film Deposition on Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Evaluation of the Combined Effects of pH, Thiocyanate Ion and Deposition Potential,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 503, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 203-212.
[17]	H. M. Carapuc, S. C. C. Monterroso, L. S. Rocha and A. C. Duarte, “Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Lead in Seawater Using Optimised Thin-Mercury Film Electrodes in situ Plated in Thiocyanate Media,” Talanta, Vol. 64, No. 2, October 2004, pp. 566-569.
[18]	A. Merko?i, U. Anik-Kirkoz and S. Alegret, “Procedure 7 Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Tap Water and Soils by Stripping Analysis Using Mercury-Free Gra- phite—Epoxy Composite Electrodes,” Comprehensive Ana- lytical Chemistry, Vol. 49, August 2007, pp. e47-e52.
[19]	A. Denzli, B. Garipcan, S. Emir, S. Patir and R. Say, “Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption Properties of Methacry- lamidocysteine-Containing Porous Poly (Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Chelating Beads,” Adsorption Science and Technology, Vol. 207, No. 7, 2002, pp. 607-617.
[20]	E. Deydier, R. Guilet and P. Sharrock, “Beneficial Use of Meat and Bone Meal Combustion Residue: ‘An Efficient Low Cost Material to Remove Lead from Aqueous Ef- fluent’,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 101, No. 1, July 2003, pp. 55-64.
[21]	K. Mori, K. Yamaguchi, T. Hara, T. Mizugaki, K. Ebitani and K. Kaneda, “Controlled Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite- Supported Palladium Complexes as Highly Efficient Hete- rogeneous Catalysts,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, No. 39, 2002, pp. 11572-11573.
[22]	T. Suzuki, T. Hatsushika and M. Michihiro, “Synthetic Hydroxyapatites as Inorganic Cation Exchangers. Part 2,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, Vol. 1, No. 78, 1982, pp. 3605-3611.
[23]	Q. Y. Ma, T. J. Logan, S. J. Traina and J. A. Ryan, “Effects of Aqueous Al, Cd, Cu, Fe(II), Ni, and Zn on Pb Immobilization by Hydroxyapatite,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 1219-1228.
[24]	Y. Xu, F. W. Schwartz and S. J. Traina, “Sorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on Hydroxyapatite Surfaces,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28, No. 8, August 1994, pp. 1472-1480.
[25]	A. G. Leyva, J. Marrero, P. Smichowski and D. Cicerone, “Sorption of Antimony onto Hydroxyapatite,” Environ- mental Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 18, August 2001, pp. 3669-3675.
[26]	J. A. G. del Río, P. J. Morando and D. S. Cicerone, “Natural Materials for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: Comparative Study of the Retention of Cd, Zn and Co by Calcite and Hydroxyapatite. Part I: Batch Experiments,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 71, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 169-177.
[27]	M. Peld, K. T?nsuaadu and V. Bender, “Sorption and Desorption of Cd2+ and Zn2+ Ions in Apatite-Aqueous Systems,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38, No. 21, September 2004, pp. 5626-5631.
[28]	A. Corami, S. Mignardi and V. Ferrini, “Copper and Zinc Decontamination from Single- and Binary-Metal Solutions Using Hydroxyapatite,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 146, No. 1-2, July 2007, pp. 164-170.
[29]	I. Smiciklas, S. Dimovic, I. Pleca? and M. Mitric, “Removal of Co2+ from Aqueous Solutions by Hydroxyapatite,” Water Research, Vol. 40, No. 12, 2006, pp. 2267-2274.
[30]	A. Yasukawa, T. Yokoyama, K. Kandori and T. Ishikawa, “Reaction of Calcium Hydroxyapatite with Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 299, No. 1-3, 2007, pp. 203-208.
[31]	R. R. Sheha, “Sorption Behavior of Zn(II) Ions on Synthesized Hydroxyapatites,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 310, No. 1, June 2007, pp. 18-26.
[32]	M. A. El Mhammedi, M. Achak, M. Bakasse and A. Chtaini, “Physico-Chemical Characterization of Electrochemical Deposit of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 on Copper Surfaces,” Ap- plied Surface Science, Vol. 253, No. 14, May 2007, pp. 5925-5930.
[33]	Hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Card No. 09-432.
[34]	T. Tsurus and S. Haruyama, “Corrosion Monitor Based on Impedance Method. II. Construction and Its Application to Homogeneous Corrosion,” Journal of Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering. Vol. 27, 1978, pp. 573-579.
[35]	L. Wu, W. Forsling and P. W. Schindler, “Surface Complexation of Calcium Minerals in Aqueous Solution: 1. Surface Protonation at Fluorapatite—Water Interfaces,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 147, No. 1, November 1991, pp. 178-185.
[36]	M. Jarlbring, D. E. Sandstrom, O. N. Abtzukin and W. Forsling, “Characterization of Active Phosphorus Surface Sites at Synthetic Carbonate-Free Fluorapatite Using Sin- gle-Pulse 1H, 31P, and 31P CP MAS NMR,” Langmuir, Vol. 22, No. 10, May 2006, pp. 4787-4792.
[37]	E. Sandstrom, M. Jarlbring, O. N. Abtzukin and W. Forsling, “A Spectroscopic Study of Calcium Surface Sites and Adsorbed Iron Species at Aqueous Fluorapatite by Means of 1H and 31P MAS NMR,” Langmuir, Vol. 22, No. 26, December 2006, pp. 11060-11064.
[38]	I. D. Smiciklas, S. K. Milonjic, P. Pfendt and S. Raicevic, “The Point of Zero Charge and Sorption of Cadmium (II) and Strontium (II) Ions on Synthetic Hydroxyapatite,” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 18, No. 3, May 2000, pp. 185-194.
[39]	Y. Takeuchi, T. Suzuki and H. Arai, “A Study of Equilibrium and Mass Transfer in Processes for Removal of Heavy-Metal Ions by Hydroxyapatite,” Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 98-100.
[40]	J. Jeanjean, S. McGrellis and J. C. Rouchaud, “A Crystallographic Study of the Sorption of Cadmium on Calcium Hydroxyapatites: Incidence of Cationic Vacancies,” Academic Press Inc., Cambridge, Vol. 126, November 1996, pp. 195-201.
[41]	B. O. Fowler, “Infrared Studies of Apatites. I. Vibrational Assignments for Calcium, Strontium, and. Barium Hy- droxyapatites Utilizing Isotopic Substitution,” Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1974, pp. 194-207.
[42]	C. Hu, K. Wu, X. Dai and S. Hu, “Simultaneous Deter- mination of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) at a Diacetyl- dioxime Modified Carbon Paste Electrode by Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry,” Talanta, Vol. 60, No. 1, May 2003, pp. 17-24.
[43]	C. Kokkinos, A. Economou, I. Raptis and C. E. Efstathiou, “Lithographically Fabricated Disposable Bismuth-Film Electrodes for the Trace Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, No. 16, June 2008, pp. 5294-5299.
[44]	X. Chen, J. V. Wright, J. L. Conca and L. M. Peurrung, “Effects of pH on Heavy Metal Sorption on Mineral Apatite,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, No. 3, February 1997, pp. 624-631.