Demand and Response in Smart Grids for Modern Power System

Muhammad Qamar Raza, Muhammad Usman Haider, S. Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Zeeshan Rashid, Farooq Sharif

Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan..
Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

DOI: 10.4236/sgre.2013.42016                

Abstract

Micro-grid plays a vital role in fulfilling the increasing demand by using distributed renewable energy resources. Demand and response technique can be broadly classified under the setup DR deployed (e.g. ISO’s/RTO’s). Demand response program can be implemented to improve power system quality, reliability and increasing demand. In modern power industry, strategic player can take more benefit from more emphasized DR study in terms of social benefit (uninterrupted power supply to consumers) and economy. This paper proposes the distributed micro-grid control and implemented control setup implemented demand response algorithm, which provides better power system reliability. This paper presents contingencies control demand and response for micro-grid. The main advantage of implementation of demand and response algorithms in Micro-grids provides reliable power supplies to consumers. The proposed micro-grid TCP/IP setup provides a chance to respond the contingencies to recover the shed to active condition. Micro-grid controller implements demand and response algorithm reasonable for managing the demand of the load and intelligent load scheme in case of blackout.

Keywords

Demand Response (DR); Micro-Grid (MG); Power System Reliability; Distributed Generation (DG); Renewable Energy Resources (RER); Power System Contingencies

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	B. Renders, L. Degroote, J. Driesen and L. Vandevelde, “Profits of Power-Quality Improvement by Residential Distributed Generation,” 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, 4-6 September 2007, pp. 377-381. doi:10.1109/UPEC.2007.4468976
[2]	P. A. Daly and J. Morrison, “Understanding the Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation on Power Delivery Systems,” Rural Electric Power Conference, Little Rock, 29 April-1 May 2001, pp. 211-213.
[3]	V. H. M. Quezada, J. R. Abbad and T. G. S. Roman, “Assessment of Energy Distribution Losses for Increasing Penetration of Distributed Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2006, pp. 533-540. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2006.873115
[4]	P. M. Costa and M. A. Matos, “Reliability of Distributed Networks with Micro Grids,” IEEE Russia PowerTech, St. Petersburg, 27-30 June 2005, pp. 1-7.
[5]	J. O. Anduaga, S. Macedo and J. Ruela, “MICROGRIDS: Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids,” Technical Report, Micro-Grids Project Consortium, 2005.
[6]	N. Hatziargyriou, A. Dimeas and A. Tsikalakis, “Hierarchical and Distributed Control Strategies for Micro-Grids,” International Journal of Distributed Energy Sources, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2005.
[7]	A. Maiorano, R. Sbrizzai, F. Torelli and M. Trovato, “Intelligent Load Shedding Schemes for Industrial Customers with Cogeneration Facilities,” Power Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting, Vol. 2, No. 31, 1999, pp. 925-930.
[8]	D. Novosel and R. L. King, “Using Artificial Neural Networks for Load Shedding to Alleviaie Overloaded Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994, pp. 425-433. doi:10.1109/61.277714
[9]	L. J. Shih, W. J. Lee, J. C. Gu and Y. H. Moon, “Application of df/dt in Power System Protection and Its Implementation in Microcontroller Based Intelligent Load Shedding Relay,” Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, Memphis, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 11-17.
[10]	W. Lee and J. C. Gu, “A Microcomputer-Based Intelligent Load Shedding Relay,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, Nov. 4, 1989, pp. 2018-2024. doi:10.1109/61.35626
[11]	R. Lasseter, A. Akhil, C. Marnay, J. Stephens, J. Dagle, R. Guttromson, A. Meliopoulos, R. Yinger and J. Eto, “White Paper on Integration of Distributed Energy Resources. The CERTS Micro Grid Concept,” Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS), 2002, Tech nology Report LBNL-50829.
[12]	H. Aalami, G. R. Yousefi and M. P. Moghadam, “Demand Response Model Considering EDRP and TOU Programs,” IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference & Exhibition, Chicago, 21-24 April 2008, pp. 1-6.
[13]	M. H. Albadi and E. F. El-Saadany, “Demand Response in Electricity Markets: An Overview,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, 24-28 June 2007, pp. 1-5.
[14]	US Department of Energy, “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them,” 2006.
[15]	M. Qamaraza, S. M. Ali, A. Rasheed and Azam-ul-Asar, “Major Prospectus of Non-Autonomous Microgrid in Modern Power Systems,” Power Generation and Renewable Energy Technologies, 2010.