[1]
|
United States Census Bureau, “World POPClock Projection,” 2011.
http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html
|
[2]
|
L. Browne, “Outgrowing the Earth: the Food Security Challenge in an Era of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures,” Earthscan, London, 2005.
|
[3]
|
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World,” Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008.
|
[4]
|
P. Gleick, “World’s Water 2004-2005,” Island Press, Washington DC, 2004.
|
[5]
|
K. M. Lwiza, “Achieving Sustainable Access to Clean Water in Tanzania: Introduction,” In: K. M. Lwiza Ed., Achieving Sustainable Access to Clean Water in Tanzania: Impact on Human health, Proceedings of the Tanzania Water, Health & Environment Symposium, Stony Brook, New York, 2008, pp. 1-4.
|
[6]
|
R. Mukandala, “Policy Issues on Environment, Water and Human Health in Tanzania,” In: K. M. Lwiza, Ed., Achieving Sustainable Access to Clean Water in Tanzania: Impact on Human Health, Proceedings of the Tanzania Water, Health & Environment Symposium, Stony Brook, New York, 2008, pp. 7-13.
|
[7]
|
The United Republic of Tanzania (URT), “The National Water Policy: Ministry of Water and Livestock Development,” The United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 2002.
|
[8]
|
P. K. Jensen, J. Ensink, G. Jayasinghe, W. van der Hoek, S. Cairncross and A. Dalsgaard, “A Domestic Transmission Routes of Pathogens: The Problem of In-House Contamination of Drinking Water during Storage in Developing Countries,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 7, No. 7, 2002, pp. 604-609.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00901.x
|
[9]
|
J. Wright, S. Gundry and R. Conroy, “Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of Microbiological Contamination between Source and Point-of-Use,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2004, pp. 106-117.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x
|
[10]
|
S. Rufener, D. Mausezahl, H. J. Mosler and R. Weingartner, “Quality of Drinking-water at Source and Point-of-Consumption—Drinking Cup as a High Potential Recontamination Risk: A Field Study in Bolivia,” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2010, pp. 34-41. doi:10.3329/jhpn.v28i1.4521
|
[11]
|
P. F. Ibánez, “Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water,” Course on: Innovative Processes and Practices for Wastewater Treatment and Re-Use 8-11, Ankara University, Ankara, 2007.
|
[12]
|
C. G. Okpara, N. F. Oparaku and C. N. Ibeto, “An Overview of Water Disinfection in Developing Countries and Potentials of Renewable Energy,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2011, pp. 18-30.
doi:10.3923/jest.2011.18.30
|
[13]
|
R. G. Qualls, M. P. Flynn and J. D. Johnson, “The Role of Suspended Particles in Ultraviolet Disinfection,” Water Pollution Control, Vol. 55, No. 10, 1983, pp. 1280-1285.
|
[14]
|
W. J. Masschelin, “Use of Ultraviolet for Disinfection of Drinking Water,” In: R.G. Rice, Ed., Ultraviolet Light in Water and Wastewater Sanitation, Lewis Publishers, Florida, 2002, pp. 59-112.
doi:10.1201/9781420032178.ch3
|
[15]
|
M. Zhang, “Effects of Climate Change on Water Availability,” In: K. M. Lwiza, Ed., Achieving Sustainable Access to Clean Water in Tanzania: Impact on Human health, Proceedings of the Tanzania Water, Health & Environment Symposium, Stony Brook, New York, 2008, pp. 15-19.
|
[16]
|
A. Debien, S. Neerinckx, D. Kimaro and H. Gulinck, “Influence of Satellite-Derived Rainfall Patterns on Plague Occurrence in Northeast Tanzania,” International Journal of Health Geographics, Vol. 9, No. 60, 2010, pp. 1-10.
|
[17]
|
J. P. Hella, G. van Huylenbroeck and M. E. Mlambiti, “Small Farmers’ Adaptive Efforts to Rainfall Variability and Soil Erosion Problems in Semiarid Tanzania,” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2003, pp. 19-38. doi:10.1300/J064v22n01_03
|
[18]
|
Perkin-Elmer Corporation, “Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,” 1964.
|
[19]
|
K. G. Porter and Y. S. Feig, “The Use of DAPI for Identifying and Counting Aquatic Microflora,” Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 25, No. 5, 1980, pp. 943-948.
doi:10.4319/lo.1980.25.5.0943
|
[20]
|
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), “Analytical Methods Approved for Drinking Water Compliance Monitoring under the Total Coliform Rule Approved Methods for the Total Coliform Rule—National Primary Drinking Water Regulations,” 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/methods/pdfs/methods/methods_tcr.pdf
|
[21]
|
R. A. Reyment and K. G. Joreskog, “Applied Factor Analysis in the Natural Sciences,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
|
[22]
|
World Health Organization, “Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Report 2000 Africa Regional Assessment,” 2000.
http://www.afro.who.int/indexphp?option=com_docman&task=%20doc_download&gid=2148
|
[23]
|
UNICEF and World Health Organization, “A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa,” A Regional Perspective Based on New Data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Prepared for African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOM), Cairo, 2008.
|
[24]
|
M. Momba and P. Kaleni, “Regrowth and Survival of Indicator Microorganisms on the Surfaces of Household Containers Used for the Storage of Drinking Water in Rural Communities of South Africa,” Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 12, 2002, pp. 3023-3028.
doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00011-8
|
[25]
|
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), “South African Water Quality Guidelines for Domestic Use,” 2nd Edition, Pretoria, 1996.
http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/domestic.pdf
|
[26]
|
UNICEF and World Health Organization, “Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update,” Prepared for African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW), Fourth Africa Water Week, Cairo, 2012.
http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/Africa-AMCOW-Snapshot-2012-English-Final.pdf
|
[27]
|
The United Republic of Tanzania National Website, “Water,” 2013. http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html
|
[28]
|
F. Pearce, “When Rivers Run Dry: Water—The Defining Crisis of the Twenty First Century,” Beacon Press, Boston, 2006.
|
[29]
|
T. Rosenberg, “Burden of Thirst, National Geographic Water: Our Thirsty World: A Special Issue,” National Geographic, 2010, pp. 102-111.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water-slaves/rosenberg-text
|
[30]
|
S. I. Efe, F. E. Ogban, M. Horsfall and E. Akporhonor, “Seasonal Variations of Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria,” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2005, pp. 191-195.
|
[31]
|
D. J. Burdige, “Geochemistry of Marine Sediments,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006.
|
[32]
|
Water and Sanitation Program, “Sustainable Management of Small Water Supply Systems in Africa Practitioners,” Workshop Report, Maputo, 6-8 October 2010, pp. 1-16.
|
[33]
|
A. Nyong and P. S. Kanaroglou, “A Survey of Household Domestic Water-Use Patterns in Rural Semi-Arid Nigeria,” Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2001, pp. 387-400. doi:10.1006/jare.2000.0736
|
[34]
|
C. Leighton and R. Foster, “Economic Impact of Malaria in Kenya and Nigeria,” Applied Research Paper, No. 6, Abt Associates Inc. in Collaboration with Vector Biology Control Project, Medical Services Corporation International, Health Financing and Sustainability (HFS) Project, Bethesda, 1993.
|
[35]
|
W. Malima, “Water and Sanitation in Tanzanian Schools— Linking Sanitation, Health and Education,” Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, Bremen, 2009.
|
[36]
|
S. Myers and J. Patz, “Emerging Threats to Human Health from Global Environmental Change,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2009, pp. 223-252. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.033108.102650
|
[37]
|
J. Sachs and P. Malaney, “The Economic and Social Burden of Malaria,” Nature, Vol. 415, No. 6872, 2002, pp. 680-685. doi:10.1038/415680a
|
[38]
|
D. Filmer, “Fever and Its Treatment in the More and Less Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Development Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, 2000.
|
[39]
|
N. Narkis, R. Armon, R. Offer, F. Orshansky and E. Fried-land, “Effect of Suspended Solids on Wastewater Disinfection Efficiency by Chlorine Dioxide,” Water Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1995, pp. 227-236.
doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)E0117-O
|
[40]
|
J. P. Sutherland, G. K. Folkard and W. D. Grant, “Seeds of Moringa Species as Naturally Occurring Flocculants for Water Treatment,” Science, Technology, and Development, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1989, pp. 191-197.
|
[41]
|
N. Marobhe, G. Dalhammar and K. Gunaratna, “Simple and Rapid Methods for Purification and Characterization of Active Coagulants from the Seeds of Vignaunguiculata and Parkinsonia aculeate,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2007, pp. 671-681.
doi:10.1080/09593332808618827
|
[42]
|
L. Gill and C. Price, “Preliminary Observations of a Continuous Flow Solar Disinfection System for a Rural Community in Kenya,” Energy, Vol. 35, No. 12, 2010, pp. 4607-4611. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.01.008
|