Thermodynamic and Dynamic of Chromium Biosorption by Pectic and Lignocellulocic Biowastes

Luis Sala, Juan González

.

DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2010.210106                

Abstract

Orange peel (OP) and rice husk (RH) were tested as low-cost biosorbents for Cr(III) removal from aqueous solutions. Dynamics of the biosorption process indicated that intraparticle mass transfer represents the rate-limiting step in the system that attained equilibrium at 120 min. While the OP sorbent material was capable of taking up 39.11 mg Cr(III)/g at the optimum pH 4.4, RH immobilized 3.20 mg Cr(III)/g at the optimum pH 3.0. The fitting of different sorption isotherms models resulted in the best fit with the Langmuir isotherm model. The mean free energy of the metal sorption process was in the range of 8-16 kJ/M. Abiotic Cr(VI) reduction was observed at various contact times and Cr-laden biomass was characterized by XPS, XAFS and EPR spectroscopy. These instrumental analyses confirmed that Cr(VI) removed from the solution was reduced and bound to the biomass as Cr(III). Results indicated that OP and RH materials are efficient biosorbents for eliminating Chromium from aqueous solutions.

Keywords

Chromium, Adsorption, Orange Peel, Rice Husk

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	S. K. Sahu, P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, V. Kumar and T. R. Mankhand, “Removal of chromium(III) by cation exchange resin, Indion 790 for tannery waste treatment,” Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 99, November 2009, pp. 170-174.
[2]	L. Yang and J. P. Chen, “Biosorption of hexavalent chromium onto raw and chemically modified Sargassum sp.,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, January 2008, pp. 297-307.
[3]	M. Cieslak-Golonka, “Toxic and mutagenic effects of chromium(VI),. A review,” Polyhedron, Vol.15, August 1996, pp. 3667-3675.
[4]	J. C. González, S. I. García, S. Bellú, A. M. Atria, J. M. Salas Peregrín, A. Rockembauer, L. Korecz, S. Signorella and L. F. Sala, “Oligo and polyuronic acids interactions with hypervalent chromium,” Polyhedron, Vol. 28, September 2009, pp. 2719-2729.
[5]	S. E. Bellú, J. C. González, S. I. García, S. R. Signorella and L. F. Sala, “Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of apple pectin by CrVI in aqueous acid medium,” Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, Vol.21, December 2008, pp. 1059-1067.
[6]	D. Mohan and C. U. Pittman Jr., “Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri- and hexavalent chromium from water,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 137, September 2006, pp. 762-811.
[7]	U. K. Garg, M. P. Kaur, V. K. Garg and D. Sud, “Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by agricultural waste biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 140, February 2007, pp. 60-68.
[8]	S. Bellú, S. García, J. C. González, A. M. Atria, L. F. Sala and S. Signorella, “Removal of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) form aqueous solution by grainless stalk of corn,” Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 43, August 2008, pp. 3200-3220.
[9]	M. Krumpolc and J. Rocek, “Sodium bis[2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyrato(2-)]-oxochromate(V),” Inorganic Syntheses, Vol. 20, 1980, pp. 63-65.
[10]	L. Clesceri, A. Greenberg and A. Eaton, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, In: 20th Ed., American Public Health Association, American Water Work Association, and Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, 1998, pp. 366.
[11]	F. Burriel Martí, F. Lucena Conde, S. Arribas Jimeno, J. Hernández Méndez, Qualitative Analytical Chemistry (Spanish). 14th Ed., Paraninfo, Madrid, 1992, pp. 600.
[12]	M. Nomura and A. Koyama, “Performance of a beamline with a pair of bent conical mirrors,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, Vol. 467-468, Part 1, July 2001, pp. 733-736.
[13]	D. C. Koningsberger, R. Prins, X-ray Absorption: Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1988.
[14]	K. K. Kannan and M. A. Viswamitra, “Unit cell, space group and refractive indices of Al(NO3)3.9H2O and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O,” Acta Crystallographica, Vol. 19, July 1965, pp. 151-152.
[15]	H. Sakane, A. Munoz-Páez, S. Díaz-Moreno, J. M. Martínez, R. Pappalardo and E. Sánchez Marcos, “Second Hydration Shell Single Scattering versus First Hydration Shell Multiple Scattering in M(H2O)63+ EXAFS Spectra,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 120, October 1998, pp. 10397-10401.
[16]	D. Park, Y-S. Yun and J. M. Park, “XAS and XPS studies on chromium-binding groups of biomaterial during Cr(VI) biosorption, ” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 317, January 2008, pp. 54-61.
[17]	G. Barr-David, M. Charara, R. Codd, R. P. Farrell, J. A. Irwin, P. A. Lay, R. Bramley, S. Brumby, J-Y. Ji and G. R. Hanson, “EPR characterization of the CrV intermediates in the CrVI/V oxidations of organic substrates and of relevance to Cr-induced cancers,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, Vol. 91, April 1995, pp. 1207-1216.
[18]	E. Groppo, C. Prestipino, F. Cesano, F. Bonino, S. Bordiga, C. Lamberti, P. C. Thüne, J. W. Niemantsverdriet and A. Zecchina, “In situ, Cr K-edge XAS study on the Phillips catalyst: activation and ethylene polymerization,” Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 230, February 2005, pp. 98-108.
[19]	B. A. Manning, J. R. Kiser, H. Kwon and S. R. Kanel, “Spectroscopic Investigation of Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-Treated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, January 2007, pp. 586-592.
[20]	A. Levina, R. Codd, G. J. Foran, T. W. Hambley, T. Maschmeyer, A. F. Masters and P. A. Lay, “X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies of Chromium(V/IV/III)? 2-Ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoato(2-/1-) Complexes,” Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 43, February 2004, pp. 1046-1055.
[21]	D. Lazar, B. Ribár, V. Divjakovic and Cs. Mészáros, “Structure of hexaaquachromium(III) nitrate trihydrate,” Acta Crystallographica Section C, Vol. 47, May 1991, pp. 1060-1062.
[22]	J. L. Gardea-Torresdey, K. J. Tiemann, V. Armendariz, L. Bess-Oberto, R. R. Chianelli, J. Rios, J. G. Parsons and G. Gamez, “Characterization of Cr(VI) binding and reduction to Cr(III) by the agricultural byproducts of Avena monida (Oat) biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 80, December 2000, pp. 175-188.
[23]	H. Roussel, V. Briois, E. Elkaim, A. de Roy, J-P. Besse and J-P. Jolivet, “Study of the Formation of the Layered Double Hydroxide [Zn?Cr?Cl],” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 13, February 2001, pp. 329-337.
[24]	P. X. Sheng, Y-P. Ting, J. P. Chen and L. Hong, “Sorption of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel by marine algal biomass: characterization of biosorptive capacity and investigation of mechanisms,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 275, July 2004, pp. 131-141.
[25]	C. Liu and P. M. Huang, “Kinetics of phosphate adsorption on iron oxides formed under influence of citrate,” Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 80, August 2000, pp. 445-454.
[26]	F. Qin, B. Wen, X-Q. Shan, Y-N. Xie, T. Liu, S-Z. Zhang and S. U. Khan, “Mechanism of competitive adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd on peat,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 144, November 2006, pp. 669-680.
[27]	S. Lagergren, “About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances, Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gel?ster stoffe,” Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens, Handlingar, Band 24, 1898, 1-39.
[28]	Y. S. Ho, D. A. J. Wase and C. F. Forster, “Kinetic studies of competitive heavy metal adsorption by sphagnum moss peat,” Environmental Technology, Vol. 17, January 1996, pp. 71-77.
[29]	W. J. Weber Jr. and J. C. Morris, “Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution,” Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division ASCE 89, 1963, pp. 31-59.
[30]	I. D. Mall, V. C. Srivastava and N. K. Agarwal, “Removal of Orange-G and Methyl Violet dyes by adsorption onto bagasse fly ash-kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analyses,” Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 69, June 2006, pp. 210-223.
[31]	W. H. Cheung, Y. S. Szeto and G. McKay, “Intraparticle diffusion processes during acid dye adsorption onto chitosan,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, November 2007, pp. 2897-2904.
[32]	B. H. Hameed, A. A. Ahmad and N. Aziz, “Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of acid dye adsorption on activated palm ash,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol.133, September 2007, pp. 195-203.
[33]	G. E. Boyd, A. W. Adamson and L. S. Myers Jr., “The Exchange Adsorption of Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Organic Zeolites. II. Kinetics,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 69, 1947, pp. 2836-2848.
[34]	L. Khesami and R. Capart, “Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by activated carbons: kinetic and equilibrium studies,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 123, August 2005, pp. 223-231.
[35]	Y. S. Ho and C. C. Wang, “Pseudo-isotherms for the sorption of cadmium ion onto tree fern,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 39, February 2004, pp. 761-765.
[36]	M. M. Dubinin, E. D. Zaverina and L. V. Radushkevich, “Sorption and structure of active carbons. Adsorption of organic vapors,” Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 21, 1947, pp. 1351-1362.