Overexpression of MyoD Attenuates Denervated Rat Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Dysfunction

Wei-Min Xiong, Jia-Hui Huang, Lei Xie, Yuan Qiao, Xin-Min Lu, Jiang-Chen Peng, Jin-Jia Hu

Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 445 Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China..

DOI: 10.4236/nm.2012.34048                

Abstract

Nerve injury commonly contributes to irreversible functional impairment, reconstruction of the function of muscle is big challenge. In denervated skeletal muscle, therapid expression of MyoD mRNA and protein also occurs during early postdenervation, which suggested that the function of denervation-induced MyoD may be to prevent denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. However, the detail mechanism is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established a stable-transfected MyoD L6 cell line. After the operation for cutting the rats’ tibial nerve, the MyoD-L6 cells were injected in the gastrocnemius, the function of the gastronemius was monitored. It was found that injected the MyoD-L6 cells could attenuate the muscle atrophy and dysfunction. Therefore, overexpression of MyoD could serve as a new therapy strategy to cure denervation-induced dysfunction of skeletal muscle.

Keywords

MyoD; Denervation; Rat Skeletal Muscle; Atrophy; Dysfunction

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	P. J. Plant, J. R. Bain, J. E. Correa, M. Woo and J. Batt, “Absence of Caspase-3 Protects Against Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy,” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2009, pp. 224-234. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90932.2008
[2]	P. M. Siu and S. E. Always, “Response and Adaptation of Skeletal Muscle to Denervation Stress: The Role of Apoptosis in Muscle Loss,” Frontiers in Bioscience, Vol. 14, 2009, pp. 432-452. doi:10.2741/3253
[3]	B. C. Beehler, P. G. Sleph, L. Benmassaoud and G. J. Grover, “Reduction of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by a Proteasome Inhibitor in a Rat Model of Denervation,” Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood), Vol. 231, No. 3, 2006, pp. 335-341.
[4]	F. L. Muller, W. Song, et al., “Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy is Associated with Increased Mitochondrial ROS Production,” American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 293, No. 3, 2007, pp. R1159-R1168. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00767.2006
[5]	S. L. Rowan, K. Rygiel, F. M. Purves-Smith, N. M. Solbak, D. M. Turnbull and R. T. Hepple, “Denervation Causes Fiber Atrophy and Myosin Heavy Chain Co-Expression in Senescent Skeletal Muscle,” PLoS One, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012, p. e29082. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029082
[6]	T. Shavlakadze, J. D. White, M. Davies, J. F. Hoh and M. D. Grounds, “Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Slows the Rate of Denervation Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy,” Neuromuscular Disorders, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2005, pp. 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2004.10.013
[7]	M. Ishido, K. Kami and M. Masuhara, “In Vivo Expression Patterns of MyoD, P21, and Rb Proteins In myonuclei and Satellite Cells of Denervated Rat Skeletal Muscle,” American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, Vol. 287, No. 2, 2004, pp. C484-C493. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00080.2004
[8]	A. Buonanno, L. Apone, M. I. Morasso, R. Beers, H. R. Brenner and R. Eftimie, “The MyoD Family of Myogenic Factors is Regulated by Electrical Activity: Isolation and Characterization of a Mouse Myf-5 CDNA,” Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1992, pp. 539-544. doi:10.1093/nar/20.3.539
[9]	J. P. Hyatt, R. R. Roy, K. M. Baldwin and V. R. Edgerton, “Nerve Activity-Independent Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Role of MyoD and Myogenin in Satellite Cells and Myonuclei,” American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, Vol. 285, No. 5, 2003, pp. C1161-C1173.
[10]	K. Koishi, M. Zhang, I. S. McLennan and A. J. Harris, “MyoD Protein Accumulates in Satellite Cells and Is Neurally Regulated in Regenerating Myotubes and Skeletal Muscle Fibers,” Developmental Dynamics, Vol. 202, No. 3, 1995, pp. 244-254. doi:10.1002/aja.1002020304
[11]	S. B. Charge, A. S. Brack, S. A. Bayol and S .M. Hughes, “MyoD-and Nerve-Dependent Maintenance of MyoD Expression in Mature Muscle Fibres Acts through the DRR/PRR Element,” BMC Developmental Biology, Vol. 8, 2008, p. 5. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-8-5
[12]	M. Ekmark, Z. A. Rana, G. Stewart, D. G. Hardie and K. Gundersen, “De-Phosphorylation of MyoD is Linking Nerve-Evoked Activity to Fast Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in Rodent Adult Skeletal Muscle,” The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 584, Pt. 2, 2007, pp. 637-650. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141457
[13]	K. Sakuma, K. Watanabe, M. Sano, I. Uramoto, K. Sakamoto and T. Totsuka, “The Adaptive Response of MyoD Family Proteins in Overloaded, Regenerating and Denervated Rat Muscles,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 1428, No. 2-3, 1999, pp. 284-292. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00086-0
[14]	Z. Wu, H. Jin and Y. Gu, “The Effect of MyoD Family Proteins on Muscular Atrophy Induced by Brachial Plexus Injury in Rats,” Zhonghua Medicine Magazine, Vol. 82, No. 8, 2002, pp. 561-563.
[15]	R. N. Cooper, S. Tajbakhsh, V. Mouly, G. Cossu, M. Buckingham and G. S. Butler-Browne, “In Vivo Satellite Cell Activation via Myf5 and MyoD in Regenerating Mouse Skeletal Muscle,” Journal of Cell Science, Vol. 112, Pt. 17, 1999, pp. 2895-2901.
[16]	M. Lindstrom, F. Pedrosa-Domellof and L. E. Thornell, “Satellite Cell Heterogeneity with Respect to Expression of MyoD, Myogenin, Dlk1 and C-Met in Human Skeletal Muscle: Application to a Cohort of Power Lifters and Sedentary Men,” Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Vol. 134, No. 4, 2010, pp. 371-385.
[17]	M. H. Mokalled, A. N. Johnson, E. E. Creemers and E. N. Olson, “MASTR Directs MyoD-Dependent Satellite Cell Differentiation during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration,” Genes & Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2012, pp. 190-202. doi:10.1101/gad.179663.111
[18]	P. Seale, J. Ishibashi, C. Holterman and M. A. Rudnicki, “Muscle Satellite Cell-Specific Genes Identified by Genetic Profiling of MyoD-Deficient Myogenic Cell,” Developmental Biology, Vol. 275, No. 2, 2004, pp. 287-300. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.07.034
[19]	S. Creuzet, L. Lescaudron, Z. Li, J. Fontaine-Perus, “MyoD, Myogenin, and Desmin-Nls-lacZ Transgene Emphasize the Distinct Patterns of Satellite Cell Activation in Growth and Regeneration,” Experimental Cell Research, Vol. 243, No. 2, 1998, pp. 241-253. doi:10.1006/excr.1998.4100
[20]	R. Macharia, A. Otto, P. Valasek and K. Patel, “Neuromuscular Junction Morphology, Fiber-Type Proportions, and Satellite-Cell Proliferation Rates are Altered in MyoD(-/-) Mice,” Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2010, pp. 38-52. doi:10.1002/mus.21637