Modelling Visible Foliar Injury Effects on Canopy Photosynthesis and Potential Crop Yield Losses Resulting from Fluoride Exposure

David Doley, Laurence Rossato

School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.39113                

Abstract

Crop production models are highly developed to account for different nitrogen, light, temperature and water availability conditions and, in some species, disease or air pollutant effects. There is very limited knowledge on responses of many tropical crops, such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), to air pollutants although predictions of these effects are essential for industrial planning in several countries. In the absence of limitations due to water supply, the effects of leaf area loss due to necrosis and chlorosis are much more important to canopy photosynthesis than are changes in the physiological attributes that influence the efficiency of light use. Therefore, potential losses of crop production due to air pollutants such as fluoride can be inferred usefully from the extent of visible injury to foliage that may be associated with different levels of pollutant exposure.

Keywords

Photosynthesis Model; Oil Palm; Airborne Fluoride; Foliar Injury; Crop Production Loss

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	World Health Organization (WHO), “Air Quality Guide- lines for Europe. 2nd Edition. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91,” WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, 2000.
[2]	J. L. Innes and A. H. Haron, Eds., “Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Regions: Report No. 4 of the IUFRO Task Force on Environmental Change,” CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2000.
[3]	L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., “Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests,” Imperial College Press, London, 2003.
[4]	F. Murray, “Air Pollution Impacts on Vegetation in Australia,” In L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 103-118 doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0005
[5]	L. Emberson, J. Kuylenstierna and M. Ashmore, M “Assessing the Extent of Air Pollution Impacts in Developing Country Regions,” In L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 309-335. doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0014
[6]	A. Klumpp, G. Klumpp, M. Domingos and M. D. da Silva, “Fluoride Impact on Native Tree Species of the Atlantic Forest near Cubatao, Brazil,” Water, Air and Soil Pollu- tion, Vol. 87, No. 1-4, 1996, pp. 57-71. doi:10.1007/BF00696829
[7]	G. Klumpp, A. Klumpp, M. Domingos and R. Guderian, “Hemerocallis as Bioindicator of Fluoride Pollution in Tropical Countries,” Environmental Monitoring and As- sessment, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1995, pp. 27-42.
[8]	A. Wahid, “Air Pollution Impacts on Vegetation in Pakistan,” In: L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 189-213. doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0009
[9]	M. L. De Bauer, “Air Pollution Impacts on Vegetation in Mexico,” In: L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 263-286. doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0012
[10]	B. H. Sheu and C. P. Liu, “Air Pollution Impacts on Vegetation in Taiwan,” In L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 145-163. doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0007
[11]	M. Domingos, A. Klumpp and G. Klumpp, “Disturbances to the Atlantic Rainforest in Southeast Brazil,” In L. Emberson, M. Ashmore and F. Murray, Eds., Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, Imperial College Press, London, 2003, pp. 287-308. doi:10.1142/9781848161276_0013
[12]	L. H. Weinstein and A. W. Davison, “Native Plant Species Suitable as Bioindicators and Biomonitors for Air-borne Fluoride,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 125, No. 1, 2003, pp. 3-11. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00090-3
[13]	U. Arndt, F. Flores and L. H. Weinstein, “Fluoride Effects on Plants: Diagnosis of Injury in the Vegetation of Brazil,” Editora de Universidade/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 1995.
[14]	R. H. V. Corley and P. B. Tinker, “The Oil Palm,” 4th Edition, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2003. doi:10.1002/9780470750971
[15]	E. B. Fitzherbert, M. J. Struebig, A. Morel, F. Danielsen, C. A. Bruhl, P. F. Donald and B Phalan, “How will Oil Palm Expansion Affect Biodiversity?” Trends in Ecology and Evoluton, Vol. 23, No. 10, 2008, pp. 539-545. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.012
[16]	E. Dufrene, R. Ochs and B. Saugier, “Oil Palm Photo-synthesis and Productivity Linked to Climatic Factors,” Oleagineaux, Vol. 45, No. 8-9, 1990, pp. 345-355.
[17]	B. G. Smith, “The Effects of Soil Water and Atmospheric Vapour Pressure Deficit on Stomatal Behaviour and Photosynthesis in the Oil Palm,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 40, No. 215, 1989, pp. 647-651. doi:10.1093/jxb/40.6.647
[18]	E. Dufrene and B. Saugier, “Field Studies of Leaf Gas Exchange in Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.),” Annales des Sciences Forestieres, Vol. 46, 1989, pp. 439s- 442s. doi:10.1051/forest:19890598
[19]	E. Dufrene and B. Saugier, “Gas Exchange of Oil Palm in Relation to Light, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Temperature and Leaf Age,” Functional Ecology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1993, pp. 97-104. doi:10.2307/2389872
[20]	I. E. Henson, “Modelling the Effects of ‘Haze’ on Oil Palm Productivity and Yield,” Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2000, pp. 123-134.
[21]	G. R. Squire and R. V. H. Corley, “Oil Palm,” In: M. R. Sethuraj and A. S. Raghavendra, Eds., Tree Crop Physiology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 141-167.
[22]	L. H. Weinstein and A. W. Davison, “Fluorides in the Environment,” CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2004.
[23]	C. Robert, M.-O. Bancal, P. Nicolas, C. Lannou and B. Ney, “Analysis and Modelling of Effects of Leaf Rust and Septoria tritici Blotch on Wheat Growth,” Journal of Ex- perimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 399, 2004, pp. 1079- 1094. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh108
[24]	D. Doley, “Plant-Fluoride Relationships,” Inkata Press, North Clayton, 1986.
[25]	P. B. Reich “Quantifying Plant Response to Ozone. A Unifying Theory,” Tree Physiology, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1987, pp. 63-91.
[26]	R. F. Heath, “Possible Mechanisms for the Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Ozone,” Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1994, pp. 439-451. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh108
[27]	G. D. Farquhar, S. von Caemmerer and J. A. Berry, “A Biochemical Model of Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation in Leaves of C3 Species,” Planta, Vol. 149, No. 1, 1980, pp. 78-90. doi:10.1007/BF00386231
[28]	I. R. Johnson and J. H. M. Thornley, “A Model of Instantaneous and Daily Canopy Photosynthesis,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 107, No. 4, 1984, pp. 531-545. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(84)80131-9
[29]	M. G. R. Cannell and J. H. M. Thornley, “Temperature and CO2 Responses of Leaf and Canopy Photosynthesis: A Clarification Using the Non-Rectangular Hyperbola Model of Photosynthesis,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 82, No. 6, 1998, pp. 883-892. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0777
[30]	J. L. Monteith, “Climate and the Efficiency of Crop Production in Britain,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Vol. 281, No. 980, 1977, pp. 277-294. doi:10.1098/rstb.1977.0140
[31]	J. Goudriaan and J. L. Monteith, “A Mathematical Func- tion for Crop Growth Based on Light Interception and leaf Expansion,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 66, No. 6, 1990, pp. 695-701.
[32]	E. Falge, W. Graber, R. Siegwolf and J. D. Tenhunen, “A Model of the Gas Exchange Response of Picea abies to Habitat Conditions,” Trees, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1996, pp. 277- 287. doi:10.1007/BF02340773
[33]	F. Ewert and J. R. Porter, “Ozone Effects on Wheat in Relation to CO2: Modelling Short-Term and Long-Term Responses of Leaf Photosynthesis and Leaf Duration,” Global Change Biology, Vol. 6, No. 7, 2000, pp. 735-750. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00351.x
[34]	J. J. Landsberg and R. H. Waring, “A Generalised Model of Forest Productivity Using Simplified Concepts of Radiation-Use Efficiency, Carbon Balance and Partitioning,” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 95, No. 3, 1987, pp. 209-228. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00026-1
[35]	X.-G. Zhu, S. P. Long and D. R. Ort, “Improving Photo-synthetic Efficiency for Greater Yield,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2010, pp. 235-261. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112206
[36]	J. H. M. Thornley, “Mathematical Models in Plant Physi- ology,” Academic Press, London, 1976.
[37]	N. K. Boardman, “Comparative Photosynthesis of Sun and Shade Plants,” Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 28, 1977, pp. 355-377. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.002035
[38]	E. Brugnoli and O. Bjorkman, “Chloroplast Movement in Leaves: Influence on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Measurements of Light-Induced Absorbance Changes Related to pH and Zeaxanthin Formation,” Photosynthesis Re- search, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1988, pp. 23-35. doi:10.1007/BF00028795
[39]	W. Haupt and R. Scheurlein, “Chloroplast Movement,” Plant Cell and Environment, Vol. 13, No. 7, 1990, pp. 595-614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01078.x
[40]	M. Wada, T. Kagawa and Y. Sato, “Chloroplast Move- ment,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2003, pp. 455-468. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135023
[41]	J. M. Anderson, W. S. Chow and D. J. Goodchild, “Thy- lakoid Membrane Organisation in Sun/Shade Acclimation,” Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1988, pp. 11-26. doi:10.1071/PP9880011
[42]	J. R. Evans, I. Jakobsen and E. Ogren, “Photosynthetic Light-Response Curves. 2. Gradients of Light Absorption and Photosynthetic Capacity,” Planta, Vol. 189, No. 2, 1993, pp. 191-200.
[43]	O. V. S. Heath, “The Physiological Aspects of Photosyn-thesis,” Heinemann, London, 1969.
[44]	D. A. Charles-Edwards, “The Mathematics of Photosyn-thesis and Productivity,” Academic Press, London, 1981.
[45]	J. L. Monteith, “Light Distribution and Photosynthesis in Field Crops,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 92, No. 1, 1965, pp. 17-37.
[46]	J. S. Amthor, “The McCreede Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley Respiration Paradigms: 30 Years Later,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 86, No 1, 2000, pp. 1-20. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1175
[47]	D. F. Adams, J. W. Hendrix and H. G. Applegate, “Atmospheric Pollution, Relationship among Exposure Periods, Foliar Burn, and Fluorine Content of Plants Exposed to Hydrogen Fluoride,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1957, pp. 108-116. doi:10.1021/jf60072a002
[48]	H. W. Gausmann, W. A. Allen, V. I. Myers and R Cardenas, “Reflectance and Internal Structure of Cotton Leaves, Gossypium hirsutum L.,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 61, No. 3, 1968, pp. 374-376. doi:10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100030011x
[49]	G. E. Edwards, E. Johnson, A. Laland and J. O. P. Krall, “Quantum Yields of Photosystem II and Photosynthesis in an Aurea Mutant of Tobacco (C3) and an Oil Yellow Mutant of Maize (C4) which have High Capacities for Photosynthesis Despite Low Chlorophyll Contents,” Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 34, No. 8, 1993, pp. 1205- 1212.
[50]	G. Havaux and F. Tardy, “Loss of Chlorophyll with Lim- ited Reduction of Photosynthesis as an Adapting Re- sponse of Syrian Barley Landraces to High-light and Heat Stress,” Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 26, No. 6, 1999, pp. 569-578. doi:10.1071/PP99046
[51]	A. Baryla, P. Carrier, F. Franck, C. Coulomb, C. Sahut and M. Havaux, “Leaf Chlorosis in Oilseed Rape Plants (Brassica napus) Grown on Cadmium-Polluted Soil: Causes and Consequences for Photosynthesis and Growth,” Planta, Vol. 212, No. 5-6, 2001, pp. 696-708. doi:10.1007/s004250000439
[52]	D. Doley, “Rapid Quantitative Assessment of Visible In- jury to Vegetation and Visual Amenity Effects of Fluoride Air Pollution,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 160, No. 1-4, 2010, pp. 181-198. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0686-7