Ribosomal proteins expression and phylogeny in alpaca (Lama pacos) skin

Junming Bai, Ruiwen Fan, Shanshan Yang, Yuankai Ji, Jianshan Xie, Chang-Sheng Dong

College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.

DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.33032                

Abstract

Ribosomal proteins (RP) has been reported as a central player in the translation system, and are required for the growth and maintenance of all cell kinds. RP genes form a family of homologous proteins that express in the stable pattern and were used for phylogenetic analysis. Here we constructed a cDNA library of alpaca skin and 13,800 clones were sequenced. In the cDNA library, RP genes from skin cDNA library of alpaca were identified. Then 8 RP genes were selected at random and built the phylogenetic trees from the DNA sequences by using parsimony or maximum likelihood methods for molecular and evolutionary analysis of ribosomal proteins. The results showed that the 42 RP genes of alpaca have been expressed in alpaca skin. They were highly conserved. The phylogeny inferred from all these methods suggested that the evolutionary distances of alpaca RP genes were closer to rat.

Keywords

Ribosomal Protein; Expression; Phylogenetic Tree; Alpaca

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Marshall, R.A., Aitken, C.E., Dorywalska, M. and Puglisi, J.D. (2008) Translation at the single-molecule level. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 77, 177-203.
[2]	Wool, I.G., Chan, Y.L. and Gluck, A. (1995) Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 73, 933-947. doi:10.1139/o95-101
[3]	Dresios, J., Panopoulos, P. and Synetos, D. (2006) Eukaryotic ribosomal proteins lacking a eubacterial counterpart: Important players in ribosomal function. Molecular Microbiology, 59, 1651-1663. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05054.x
[4]	Gebauer, F. and Hentze, M.W. (2004) Molecular mechanisms of translational control. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5, 827-835. doi:10.1038/nrm1488
[5]	Wheeler, J.C. (1995) Evolution and present situation of the South American Camelidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54, 271-295. doi:10.1016/0024-4066(95)90021-7
[6]	Bj?rn M.U., Kerryn, E.S. and Ulfur A. (2000) Subordinal artiodactyl relationships in the light of phylogenetic analysis of 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Zoologica Scripta, 29, 83-88. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2000.00037.x
[7]	Tauta, D., Hancock, J.M., Webb, D.A., et al. (1988) Complete sequences of the rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 366- 376.
[8]	Ramakrishnan, V. and Stephen, W.W. (1992) The structure of ribosomal protein S5 reveals sites of interaction with 16S rRNA. Nature, 358, 768-771. doi:10.1038/358768a0
[9]	Kadwell, M., Fernandez, M., Stanley, H.F., Baldi, R., Wheeler, J.C., Rosadio, R. and Bruford, M.W. (2001) Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 268, 2575-2584. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1774
[10]	Xu, X., Janke, A. and Arnason, U. (1996) The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the phylogenetic relationship among Carnivora, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla (+Cetacea). Molecular Biology Evolution, 13, 1167- 1173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681
[11]	Rudra, D., Mallick, J., Zhao, Y. and Warner, J.R. (2007) Potential interface between ribosomal protein production and pre-rRNA. Processing of Molecular Cell Biology, 27, 4815-4824. doi:10.1128/MCB.02062-06
[12]	Mencia, M., Moqtaderi, Z., Geisberg, J.V., Kuras, L. and Struhl, K. (2002) Activator-specific recruitment of TFIID and regulation of ribosomal protein genes in yeast. Molecular Cell, 9, 823-833. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00490-2
[13]	Ortí, G. and Meyer, A. (1997) The radiation of characi-form fishes and the limits of resolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Systems Biology, 46, 75-100. doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.1.75
[14]	Kumar, S. and Hedges, B. (1998) A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. Nature, 392, 917-920. doi:10.1038/31927
[15]	Huchon, D., Catze?is, F.M. and Douzery, E.J.P. (1999) Molecular evolution of the nuclear von willebrand factor gene in mammals and the phylogeny of rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16, 577-589. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026140
[16]	Wheeler, J.C., Russel, A.J.F. and Redden, H. (1995) Lla-mas and alpacas: Pre-conquest breeds and post-conquest hybrids. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 833-840. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(95)90012-8
[17]	Vaccaro, A., Patel, T., Fischgrund, J., Anderson, D.G., Truumees, E., Herkowitz, H., Phillips, F., Hilibrand, A. and Albert, T.J. (2003) A pilot safety and efficacy study of OP-1 putty (rh BMP-7) as an adjunct to iliac crest auto-graft in posterolateral lumbar fusions. European Spine Journal, 12, 495-500. doi:10.1007/s00586-003-0561-8
[18]	Shmuel, R., Yogev, D. and Naot, Y. (1998) Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 1094-1156.