Effect of PVP, PVA and POLE surfactants on the size of iridium nanoparticles

Anjali Goel, Neetu Rani

Department of Chemistry, Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar, (U.K) India.

DOI: 10.4236/ojic.2012.23010                

Abstract

Commonly transition metal nano particle are synthesized by physical, chemical or electrochemical methods. In the present work colloidal iridium nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical oxidation method with different surfactants like poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly oxyethylene lauryl ether (POLE). It was found that shape and size of Ir-nano particles resulted were related to kind of capping agent (surfactant) used. The characterization of the synthesized nano particle has been carried out by UV-vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) techniques. UV-vis and FT-IR confirm the oxidation of IrCl3 into IrO2 while XRD confirms the amorphous nature of the iridium nanoparticles synthesized. The morphology and size of the particle were confirmed by TEM. The average particle size determined by Scherrer equation was about 4.12 nm to 4.23 nm with PVP, 2.74 to 3.36 nm with PVA and 20.41 to 42.25 nm with POLE. Poly oxyethylene lauryl ether particles were not further analyzed because of their large size and less stability. Further particle size was confirmed with TEM, which was 4.5 nm with PVP and 7.0 nm with PVA. The particles are spherical with no agglomeration tendency.

Keywords

Nano-Materials; Surfactant; Agglomeration; PVP; PVA; POLE

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Roucoux, A., Schulz, J. and Partin, H. (2002) Reduced transition metal colloids: A novel family of reusable catalyst. American Chemical Society, 102, 3757-3778.
[2]	Kishore, P.S., Viswanathan, B. and Varadarajan, T.K. (2008) Synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticle embedded conducting polymer-polyoxometalate composites. Nanoscale Research Letters, 3, 14-20. doi:10.1007/s11671-007-9107-z
[3]	Miyazaki, A., Balint, I. and Nakano, Y. (2003) Morphology control of platinum nanoparticles and their catalytic properties. Journal of Nanoparticles Research, 5, 69-80. doi:10.1023/A:1024451600613
[4]	Gledison, S.F., Giovanna, M., Sergio, R.T., Gerhard, H.F., Jonder, M., Maria, C.M. and Jairton, D. (2006) Synthesis and characterization of catalytic iridium nanoparticles in imidazolium ionic liquids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 301, 193-204. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.073
[5]	Zhao, Y.-X., Hernandez-Pagan, E.A., Vargas-Barbosa, N.M., Dysart, J.L. and Mallouk, T.E. (2011), A high yield synthesis of ligand-free iridium oxide nanoparticles with high electrocatalytic activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2, 402-406. doi:10.1021/jz200051c
[6]	Cheng, J.-B., Zhang, H.-M., Ma, H.-P., Zhong H.-X. and Zou, Y. (2009) Preparation of Ir0.4Ru0.6MoxOy for oxygen evolution by modified Adams’ fusion method. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 66096613. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.061
[7]	Yu, W., Liu, M., Liu, H. and Zheng, J. (1999) Prepration of polymer-stabilized nobel metal colloids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 210, 218-221. doi:10.1006/jcis.1998.5938
[8]	Bonet, F., Delmas, V., Grugeon, S., Herrera-Urbina, R., Silvert, P-Y. and Tekaia-Elhsissen, K. (1999) Synthesis of monodisperse Au, Pt, Pd, Ru and Ir nanoparticle in ethylene glycol. Nanostructured Materials, 11, 12771284. doi:10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00419-5
[9]	Tu, W. and Liu, H. (2000) Rapid synthesis of nanoscale colloidal metal clusters by microwave irradiation. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10, 2207-2211. doi:10.1039/b002232m
[10]	Chen, C. W., Tano, D. and Akashi, M. (2000) Colloidal platinum nanoparticles stabilized by vinyl polymers with Amide side chains; Disperson stability and catalytic activity in aqueous electrolytic solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 225, 349-358. doi:10.1006/jcis.2000.6731
[11]	Solís, D. Vigueras-Santiago, E., Hernández-López, S., Gómez-Cortés, A., Aguilar-Franco, M. and CamachoLópez, M.A. (2008) Textural, structural and electrical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles using Brij-35 and P-123 as surfactants. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 9, 025003.
[12]	Goel, A. and Sharma, S. (2009) Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline iridium oxide. International Transactions in Applied Science, 12, 243-251.
[13]	Kundu, S. and Liang, H. (2011) Shape-selective formation and characterization of catalytically active iridium nanoparticle. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 354, 597-606. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2010.11.032
[14]	Baglio, V., Blasi, A.D., Denaro, T., Antonucci, V., Aricò1, A.S., Ornelas, R., Matteucci, F., Alonso, G., Morales, L., Orozco, G. and Arriaga, L.G. (2008) Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of IrO2-RuO2 electrocatalytic powdersfor oxygen evolution reaction. Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, 11, 105-108.
[15]	Hirai, H., Chawanya, H. and Toshima, N. (1985) Colloidal palladium protected with poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene. Reactive Polymers, 3, 127-141.
[16]	Tu, W.-X. (2008) Study on the interaction between polyvinylpyrrolidone and platinum metal during the formation of the colloidal metal nanoparticles. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 26, 23-29.
[17]	Marie-Christine D. and Didier A. (2004) Nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chemical Reviews, 104, 293346. doi:10.1021/cr030698+
[18]	Ott, L.S., Hornstein, B.J. and Finke, R.G. (2006) A test of the transition-metal nanocluster formation and stabilization ability of the most common polymeric stabilizer, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), as well as four other polymeric protectants. Langmuir, 22, 9357-9367. doi:10.1021/la060934m
[19]	Jia, C.-J. and Schüth, F. (2011) Colloidal metal nanoparticles as a component of designed catalyst. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13, 2457-2487. doi:10.1039/c0cp02680h
[20]	Narayanan, R. and Mostafa, A.S.El. (2005) Catalysis with transition metal nanoparticles in colloidal solution: Nanoparticle shape dependence and stability. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, American Chemical Society, 109, 12663-12676.
[21]	Toshima, N., Nakata, K. and Kitoh, H. (1997) Gaint platinum clusters with organic ligand: prepration and catalysis. Inorganic Chimica Acta, 265, 149-153. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(97)05690-9
[22]	Teranishi, T. and Miyake, M. (1998) Size control of palladium nanoparticles and their crystal structures. Chemistry of Materials, 10, 594-600. doi:10.1021/cm9705808
[23]	Tan, Y.-W., Dai, X.-H., Y.-F. Li and D.-B. Zhu (2003) Preparation of gold, platinum, palladium and silver nanoparticles by the reduction of their salts with a weak reductant—potassium bitartrate. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 13, 1069-1075.