Direct Cadmium Monitoring in Cigarette Filters Leachate by Molecular Fluorescence

María Carolina Talio, Tristán A. Bonfiglioli, Marta O. Luconi, Liliana P. Fernández

.
Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, Argentina.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.32023                

Abstract

This work proposes a new direct flourimetric methodology for cadmium traces quantification based on its association with azo-reagent SPADNS and rhodamine B dye. Experimental variables that influence on fluorimetric sensibility were optimized using uni-variation assays. The calibration graph using zeroth order calibration was linear from 0.192 to 1.26 104 μg.L^-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Under the optimal conditions, it was obtained a limit of detection of 0.057 μg.L^-1 and a limit of quantification of 0.192 μg.L^-1. The method showed good sensitivity, adequate selectivity with good tolerance to foreign ions, and was applied to the determination of trace amounts of cadmium in filters leachates coming from unsmoked, automatically smoked and smokers smoked cigarettes with satisfactory results. The proposed method represents an innovative application of luminescence to metal analysis comparable in sensitivity and accuracy to atomic spectroscopies.

Keywords

Cadmium Traces; SPADNS; Rhodamine B; Molecular Fluorescence; Cigarette Filters Leachate

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	M. Borgerding and H. Klus, “Analysis of Complex Mix- tures-Cigarette Smoke,” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 57, No. S1, 2005, pp. 43-73. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.05.010
[2]	M. Kleeman, J. Schauer and G. Cass, “Size and Composi- tion Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Wood Burning, Meat Charbroiling, and Cigarettes,” En- vironmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, No. 20, 1999, pp. 3516-3523. doi:10.1021/es981277q
[3]	D. Hoffmann and I. Hoffmann, “The Changing Cigarette, 1950-1995,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 50, No. 4, 1997, pp. 307-364. doi:10.1080/009841097160393
[4]	H. Bradford, “The Intractable Cigarette ‘Filter Problem’,” Tobacco Control, Vol. 20, No. S1, 2011, pp. i10-i16. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040113
[5]	A. Zipser, “Cigarette Industry Convalescing Filter Pre- scription Seems to Help: Cigarette Output Survives a Cri- sis,” New York Times, Manhattan, 1954.
[6]	E. Slaughter, R. Gersberg, K. Watanabe, J. Rudolph, C. Stransky and T. Novotny, “Toxicity of Cigarette Butts, and Their Chemical Components, to Marine and Fresh- water Fish,” Tobacco Control, Vol. 20, No. S1, 2011, pp. i25-i29. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040170
[7]	S. Satarug and M. Moore, “Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Level Cadmium in Foodstuffs and Cigarette Smoke,” Environmental Health Perspec- tives, Vol. 112, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1099-1103. doi:10.1289/ehp.6751
[8]	A. N. Anthemidis, G. A. Zachariadis, C. G. Farastelis and J. A. Stratis, “On-Line Liquid—Liquid Extraction System Using a New Phase Separator for Flame Atomic Absorp- tion Spectrometric Determination of Ultra-Trace Cad- mium in Natural Waters,” Talanta, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2004, pp. 437-443. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2003.07.019
[9]	L. M. Coelho and M. A. Z. Arruda, “Preconcentration Procedure Using Cloud Point Extraction in the Presence of Electrolyte for Cadmium Determination by Flame Ato- mic Absorption Spectrometry,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Vol. 60, No. 50, 2005, pp. 743-748. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2005.02.016
[10]	K. L. Linge, “Trace Element Determination by ICP-AES and ICP-MS: Developments and Applications Reported During 2004 and 2005,” Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2007, pp. 157-174. doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.2006.tb01058.x
[11]	H. G. Seiler, A. Sigel and H. Sigel, “Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry,” Mercel Dekker, New York, 1994.
[12]	L. Lampugnani, C. Salvetti and D. L. Tsalev, “Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Dif- ferent Flow Systems and In-Atomizer Trapping for De- termination of Cadmium in Water and Urine Overview of Existing Data on Cadmium Vapour Generation and Eva- luation of Critical Parameters,” Talanta, Vol. 61, No. 5, 2003, pp. 683-698. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00324-2
[13]	M. Talio, M. Luconi, A. Masi and L. Fernández, “Deter- mination of cadmium at ultra-trace levels by CPE-Mo- lecular Fluorescence Combined Methodology,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 170, No. 1, 2009, pp. 272- 277. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.101
[14]	M. Talio, M. Luconi, A. Masi and L. Fernández, “Cad- mium Monitoring in Saliva and Urine as Indicator of Smoking Addiction,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 408, No. 16, 2010, pp. 3125-3132. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.052
[15]	P. M. Jayaweera, T. Samjeewa and K. Tennakone, “For- mation of Ion Associated Complexes between SPANDS and Rhodamine B: Antenna Effect and Enhancement of Photovoltaic Properties,” Solar Energy Materials and So- lar Cells, Vol. 91, No. 10, 2007, pp. 944-950. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2007.02.014
[16]	J. C. Miller and J. N. Miller, “Statistics for Analytical Chemistry,” 4th Edition, Ellis-Howood, New York, 1994, p. 115.
[17]	J. Moerman, “Analysis of Metals Leached from Smoked Cigarette Litter by ICP-OES,” University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009.